Neurology and Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What lobe or region of the brain is likely heavily involved in Irene's case, based on her symptoms and CT results?

Frontal lobe

Where is the injury likely located in Ted's spinal cord, given his diagnosis of autonomic dysreflexia?

At or above T6

What stage is Jenna's pressure wound based on the provided information?

Stage III pressure sore

Which fiber type correlates with Anna's distance running and test results?

<p>Slow twitch fibers (Type 1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell division process and stage does Trisomy 21 affect?

<p>Meiosis and anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer of the skin is primarily involved in the blister formation, and what is its purpose?

<p>Epidermis: providing a cushion to prevent further damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a femur fracture considered particularly serious compared to other fractures?

<p>The femur fracture can lead to severe blood loss and damage to surrounding tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does a mitochondrial disorder primarily affecting muscle cells?

<p>Muscle cells rely heavily on ATP for contraction and energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tract is most likely affected by Central Pain Syndrome?

<p>Spinothalamic tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain plays a significant role in PTSD and anxiety?

<p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of burn does pressure wound therapy best help?

<p>2nd degree burns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular organelle is most likely malfunctioning if a patient is experiencing extreme fatigue, muscle weakness, and an inability to sustain physical activity?

<p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is affected when a patient experiences sharp pain localized near the shoulder joint, difficulty raising their arm overhead, and swelling and tenderness in the upper arm and shoulder area?

<p>Tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating heart rate and breathing?

<p>Medulla Oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the myelin sheath in neurons?

<p>To speed up the transmission of electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is responsible for producing new skin cells?

<p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

<p>To produce new bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP?

<p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to which layer of the skin is most likely causing issues with a weak immune system and disrupted homeostasis of the body when recovering from a severe burn?

<p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best manages the condition of a stay-at-home mom experiencing redness, itchiness, and inflammation of her hands after frequent use of harsh soap and detergent?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organelle is most likely to have mutations resulting in fatigue, muscle weakness, and occasional temporary vision loss?

<p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most likely predisposes a 75 year old woman to fractures, given her history of osteoporosis and a thoracic vertebral fracture?

<p>Decreased bone density</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve fiber is responsible for slow pain, autonomic functions, and has a diameter of 0.3-1.3 μm?

<p>C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT be affected by Limbic System Dysfunction?

<p>Language production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the action potential if the Na/K pump is dysfunctional and ATP is not allowing the potassium to enter the cell?

<p>Repolarization will be affected and the cell cannot return to resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the integumentary system would be first affected by Raynaud's phenomenon's change to the blood vessels?

<p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organelle is responsible for producing energy during exercise?

<p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to occur if there is a disruption of the coordinated contractions of the heart?

<p>Cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area of the brain is most likely affected by a head injury that leads to difficulty understanding spoken and written language, with fluent but nonsensical speech and unawareness of the incomprehensibility?

<p>Left temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition and which lobe of the brain does it primarily affect, given the symptoms of fluent but nonsensical speech, understanding problems, and a history of alcoholism?

<p>Wernicke's Aphasia; Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glial cell is responsible for depositing myelin sheath around axons?

<p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What parts of the body have an extra layer of the epidermis?

<p>Palms of hands and soles of feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the primary care physician tell the physical therapist about the most impacted myotome if the patient is experiencing sciatica pain at 35 degrees of leg flexion?

<p>L2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve was damaged in the MVC, given the symptoms of complete paralysis of all facial muscles on the right side?

<p>CNVII</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is most likely to have been related to the condition of memory-loss, disorientation, and dysfunctioning in the hippocampus and temporal lobe?

<p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is most likely affected if a patient experiences dizziness, confusion, and difficulty coordinating movements after hitting their head on a rock?

<p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body is most likely affected if a patient experiences redness, swelling, itching, and blisters after spending a long day at the beach?

<p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is acting as the agonist during a bicep curl?

<p>Biceps brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lack of which organelle is responsible for the accumulation of gangliosides in Tay-Sachs disease?

<p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process and how many net ATP are produced per cycle if a patient has a mitochondrial disease that inhibits ATP production and anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm?

<p>Glycolysis; 2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be needed to increase the levels of calcium in a patient's body experiencing hypocalcemia, muscle aches, and muscle spasm in the throat?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of burn would be classified as a burn that penetrates the hypodermis?

<p>3rd degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of CN VIII?

<p>Hearing and a sense of balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between action potential and graded potential?

<p>Action potential is all or nothing, whereas graded potential response reflects the size of the stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important brain area is damaged in a patient who has suffered an ischemic stroke affecting the left side of the brain and experiencing aphasia and difficulty producing coherent language?

<p>Broca's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sensory fibers are attributed to the secondary pain that occurs after a bee sting, which is described as throbbing and swelling?

<p>C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell in the epidermis allows the shed skin to be replaced?

<p>Labile cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is affected and what movements can he no longer perform due to a sprained elbow?

<p>Hinge joint; flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is impacted in a patient who experiences loss of smell after a concussion to the frontal lobe?

<p>Cranial nerve I</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is activated and what would be the result when a person encounters a dangerous situation?

<p>Sympathetic - increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell organelle is responsible for packaging and transporting proteins?

<p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cell does the immune system target and damage in Vitiligo?

<p>Melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medication change would this patient's PCP most likely make while following up on fracture treatment, given their history of osteoporosis, low sodium diet, and large milk intake?

<p>Increased vitamin D supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell makes up the Blood Brain Barrier?

<p>Astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes what happens during the repolarization phase of an action potential?

<p>Potassium channels open, allowing K+ to exit the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer of the skin is affected when hives form?

<p>Hypodermis and Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is primarily effected by Sarcopenia?

<p>Fast twitch muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is damaged when a patient experiences difficulty smelling?

<p>CN 1- Olfactory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is affected when a patient experiences difficulty with spatial awareness and processing sensory information, especially touch, after a head injury?

<p>Parietal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What degree burns is a patient experiencing if they have blistering, extremely red, burns on their shoulders and upper body, with damage to both the epidermis and dermis?

<p>Second degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biological imbalance explains myopathy and hypotonia in a 70 year old woman with severe muscle weakness and low muscle tone?

<p>Excess actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular organelle is malfunctioning when a patient experiences impaired kidney functioning and increased sensitivity to light, due to the excessive storage of cystine in all body cells?

<p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroglia is responsible for maintaining the blood brain barrier, which can be broken down by migrating monocytes in HIV?

<p>Astrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area of the frontal lobe controls production of speech, given a patient with a stroke affecting the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and exhibiting fluent but nonsensical speech?

<p>Wernicke's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification would a burn fall under if the injury penetrates the epidermis and dermis, down to the subcutaneous tissue, with blistering, redness, pain, and no localized pain to the injury?

<p>3rd degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is being affected when a patient is diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma, and the physician is concerned with its rapid spread due to excessive exposure to UV radiation?

<p>Labile cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Stroke and Brain Regions

  • Irene, a 78-year-old female, experienced weakness, numbness on her left side, and slurred speech. Her symptoms pointed to an anterior cerebral artery (ACA) stroke.
  • A likely heavily involved brain lobe is the frontal lobe given her symptoms.

Autonomic Dysreflexia

  • Ted, a 41-year-old male, with a spinal cord injury, developed increased blood pressure (hypertension), excessive sweating, and bradycardia.
  • This points to autonomic dysreflexia from injury at or above T6.

Pressure Sore Classification

  • Jenna, a 64 year-old female, in a vegetative state due to a traumatic brain injury (TBI) developed pressure sores near her tailbone.
  • The full-thickness loss of skin, reaching the subcutaneous tissue but not the fascia, and foul odor places it in stage III.

Muscle Fiber Types

  • Anna, a 24-year-old female marathon runner, exhibits high mitochondria count and small muscle fibers in a blood test.
  • This correlates with Type 1 or slow-twitch muscle fibers.

Trisomy 21

  • A child with Trisomy 21 has an extra chromosome in the fertilized egg, owing to a meiosis issue during anaphase.

Blister on Heel

  • A runner with a blister on their heel is most likely dealing with a layer that acts as a cushion in the epidermis.

Femur Fracture Severity

  • A femur fracture is considered seriously because of risked internal bleeding and damage to other tissues.

Mitochondrial Disorder

  • A mitochondrial disorder impairs ATP production, significantly affecting muscle cells due to their high ATP reliance for contraction.

Central Pain Syndrome

  • A patient with sharp, stabbing pain in their upper limbs after a motor vehicle accident, likely indicates a damage to the spinothalamic tract.

PTSD and Anxiety

  • The amygdala plays a significant role in PTSD and anxiety.

Burn Classification and Treatment

  • Pressure wound therapy is best for deep dermis burns (2nd degree) that take a month to heal and improve circulation.

Cellular Organelle Malfunction

  • Extreme fatigue and muscle weakness point to a malfunctioning mitochondria.

Shoulder Injury

  • A patient's pain, difficulty raising the arm, and swelling near the shoulder joint suggests a damaged tendon.

Heart Rate and Breathing Regulation

  • The medulla oblongata regulates heart rate and breathing.

Myelin Sheath Function

  • The myelin sheath speeds up neuron signal transmission.

Epidermis Cell Production

  • The epidermis produces new skin cells.

Osteoblast Function

  • Osteoblasts are responsible for creating new bone tissue.

ATP Production

  • Mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP.

Skin Layer and Immune System

  • The damaged dermis layer disrupts a body's overall homeostasis and weak immune system post severe burn.

Skin Irritant Management

  • Avoiding irritants, using protective gloves, and applying topical cream manages skin irritant conditions.

Mitochondrial Mutations

  • Symptoms of fatigue, muscle weakness, and temporary vision loss could indicate mutations in mitochondrial DNA.

Osteoporosis and Fractures

  • Decreased bone density due to osteoporosis greatly increases risk of fractures like in the thoracic vertebra.

Nociceptor Nerve Fiber Classification

  • Polymodal nociceptors (slow pain) are classified as C fibers (0.3-1.3μm).

Limbic System Dysfunction Exclusion

  • Language production is not affected by Limbic System dysfunction.

Action Potential Dysfunction

  • If the Na/K pump is dysfunctional, repolarization is affected as potassium cannot enter the cell.

Raynaud's Phenomenon Layer

  • Raynaud's phenomenon first affects the dermis due to constricted blood vessels.

Organelle for Exercise Energy

  • Mitochondria are responsible for energy production during exercise.

Heart Contraction Disruption

  • A disruption in the coordinated heart contractions can result in cardiac arrest.

Left Temporal Lobe Injury

  • Difficulty understanding spoken and written language, with inappropriate speech, points to damage in the left temporal lobe, especially Wernicke's area.

Wernicke's Aphasia

  • A chronic alcoholic with a stroke (middle cerebral artery; MCA) presenting with speech comprehension problems, points to Wernicke's aphasia in the temporal lobe.

Glial Cell and Myelin Sheath

  • In the absence of a myelin sheath, oligodendrocytes (a type of glial cell) are responsible.

Epidermis Layers

  • The palms of the hands and soles of the feet have an extra layer of epidermis.

Sciatica Myotome

  • Sciatica presenting with pain at 35-degree leg flexion indicates a L2 myotome issue.

Facial Paralysis Cranial Nerve

  • Complete facial paralysis points to damage to cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve).

Neurotransmitter and Brain Dysfunction

  • Acetylcholine is linked to memory loss and disorientation seen in hippocampal and temporal lobe dysfunction.

Head Injury and Brain Area

  • Dizziness, confusion, and motor coordination issues after a head injury point to damage to the temporal lobe.

Skin Reaction and Affected Area

  • Redness, swelling, itching, and blistering on the body after a day at the beach points to epidermis damage.

Agonist Muscle in Bicep Curl

  • The biceps brachii is the agonist muscle during a bicep curl.

Tay-Sachs Disease and Organelle

  • Tay-Sachs disease is due to a malfunction of lysosomes.

Epilepsy, Neurotransmitter, and Brain Area

  • A recurring seizure with trouble relaxing indicates an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, and could be possibly in the frontal lobe.

Hypocalcemia Treatment

  • Hypocalcemia is treated with parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Burn Classification

  • A burn that penetrates the hypodermis is categorized as a third-degree burn.

Cranial Nerve VIII Function

  • Cranial nerve VIII is responsible for hearing and balance.

Action Potential vs Graded Potential

  • Action potential is all-or-nothing, while graded potential varies in magnitude based on the stimulus.

Broca's Area and Stroke

  • Aphasia (trouble producing speech) with left side brain damage points to damage in Broca's area.

Sensory Fibers and Pain

  • Initial sharp pain is attributed to A-delta fibers, while secondary, throbbing pain is from C fibers.

Epidermis Cell Replacement

  • Labile cells in the epidermis replace shed skin.

Joint, Injury, and Movement Restriction

  • A sprained elbow (hinge joint) limits flexion and extension.

Concussion, Cranial Nerve, and Sense of Smell

  • A concussion affecting the frontal lobe may lead to loss of smell (cranial nerve I).

Sympathetic Nervous System Response to Fear

  • The sympathetic nervous system is activated during fear, resulting in increased heart rate.

Protein Packaging and Transport

  • The Golgi apparatus packages and transports proteins.

Vitiligo and Cell Target

  • The immune system targets and damages melanocytes in vitiligo.

Osteoporosis Treatment

  • Osteoporosis can be treated with increased vitamin D supplementation.

Blood Brain Barrier Cells

  • Astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier.

Repolarization Phase and Action Potential

  • During repolarization, potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to exit the cell.

Skin Layer and Hives

  • Capillary dilation and fluid leakage into tissue affect the dermis and hypodermis during hives.

Mitochondria in Cellular Function

  • Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration.

Sarcopenia and Muscle Type

  • Sarcopenia primarily affects fast-twitch muscle fibers.

Anosmia and Cranial Nerve

  • Anosmia (loss of smell) involves damage to cranial nerve I.

Head Injury, Spatial Awareness, and Brain Lobe

  • Difficulty with spatial awareness and sensory processing after a head injury suggest damage to the parietal lobe.

Burn Degree Classification

  • Blistering, red, painfully affected epidermis and dermis describe a second-degree burn.

Excess Actin and Muscle Imbalance

  • Excess actin is not a likely imbalance for the described muscle weakness and hypotonia. The issue is likely with muscle usage/lack of.

Lysosomal Malfunction and Cystinosis

  • In cystinosis, lysosomes have difficulty clearing cystine.

Blood-Brain Barrier and Neuroglia

  • Astrocytes are key for maintaining the blood-brain barrier.

Speech Production and Brain Area

  • Difficulty understanding and trouble producing coherent speech in a potential stroke points to Wernicke's area being affected.

Hypothermia and Blood Vessel Response

  • Skin blood vessels constrict in response to cold temperatures.

Protein Roles in Cells

  • Proteins do not generate action potentials; neurons do this.

Hypocalcemia Intervention

  • Addressing hypocalcemia often involves stimulating osteoblast activity.

Spinal Cord Injury and Lateral Corticospinal Tract

  • Damage to the right lateral corticospinal tract below the spinal cord will result in the described weakness.

Burn Degree and Affected Layers

  • A burn affecting the entire epidermis and part of the dermis is a second-degree burn.

Infection Spread and Danger Triangle

  • If a pimple in the danger triangle of the face infects the cavernous sinus, it can lead to headaches and facial expression problems.

Pupil Dilation and Nervous System

  • Atropine blocks the parasympathetic nervous system, causing pupil dilation.

Gaucher's Disease and Organelle

  • Gaucher's disease involves lysosomal dysfunction, halting waste product breakdown.

Total Burned Surface Area

  • Burns on both anterior and posterior legs, and anterior trunk add up to approximately 45% total body surface area.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various neurological conditions and classifications, including strokes, autonomic dysreflexia, pressure sore stages, and muscle fiber types. This quiz covers essential concepts related to brain regions affected by injuries and physiological responses in different scenarios.

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