Neuroimaging Techniques Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a significant limitation of non-invasive imaging methods such as MRI and PET?

  • They require invasive techniques.
  • They have poor spatial resolution.
  • They can only measure structural changes.
  • They have poor temporal resolution. (correct)

What aspect do observation methods primarily help to identify in brain activity?

  • If a region is active or inactive. (correct)
  • The necessary functions of each brain region.
  • The specific types of neurotransmitters being released.
  • Whether a region is necessary for cognitive functions.

Which grouping method for analyzing lesion patients focuses on the effects of a specific behavioral symptom?

  • Group by lesion location
  • Group by syndrome
  • Group by behavioral symptom (correct)
  • Group by functional connectivity

What does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) temporarily disrupt?

<p>Cognitive functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the advantages of using TMS is that it provides which of the following?

<p>Controlled and focal disruptions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can group studies enhance the understanding of structure-function relationships?

<p>By establishing general patterns with more precision. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary question that methods of interference help to answer?

<p>What functions remain when a region is disrupted. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation exists when using neuropsychological experiments?

<p>They cannot account for brain reorganization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>Provides protective cushioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for vision?

<p>Occipital lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the association cortex?

<p>Making associations between various inputs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about hemispheric specialization is true?

<p>The left hemisphere is primarily responsible for speech and grammar. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the environment affect genetic expression?

<p>It alters how genetic traits develop. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

<p>Corpus callosum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

<p>In the parietal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the endocrine system?

<p>To regulate the body by secreting hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle is essential for detecting a signal in neuroimaging?

<p>Parallel geometric configuration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of EEG?

<p>Poor spatial resolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of imaging technique uses a radioactive tracer to measure blood flow?

<p>Positron Emission Tomography (PET) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does fMRI detect changes in neural activity?

<p>By detecting the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major advantage of using EEG for brain research?

<p>Very high temporal resolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information can neuroscientists infer using functional MRI?

<p>Which finger a subject is about to move (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique provides insights into electrical activity in the brain?

<p>Electroencephalography (EEG) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor affects the fMRI signal based on hemoglobin properties?

<p>Oxygenation level of hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Observation Methods

A method for brain investigation that involves observing the brain's activity during a task or experience.

TMS

A technique used to stimulate or inhibit brain activity by applying magnetic pulses to the scalp.

Lesion Studies

A method for brain investigation that involves studying the effects of brain damage or lesions on behavior.

Group By Behavioral Symptom

A type of lesion study that groups participants based on the symptoms they exhibit, regardless of lesion location.

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Group By Lesion Location

A type of lesion study that groups participants based on the specific location of their brain damage.

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Group By Syndrome

A type of lesion study that groups participants based on a particular disease or syndrome.

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Structure-Function Relationship

A study that examines the relationship between brain structure and function.

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Electroencephalography (EEG)

A method for brain investigation that involves analyzing the brain's electrical activity.

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Averaging EEG signals

EEG signals are averaged over many occurrences of the same event, reducing the interference of random neural firing.

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EEG Peak Interpretation

The timing and amplitude of peaks in an EEG signal reflect cognitive processes, like stimulus onset or button pressing.

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EEG Signal Detection Requirements

Three core requirements for detecting a signal with EEG: (1) synchrony of neural activity, (2) spatial proximity of neurons, and (3) parallel geometric configuration.

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

PET measures local blood flow (rCBF) by tracking the movement of a radioactive tracer injected into the bloodstream.

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

fMRI detects changes in blood flow by measuring differences in the magnetic properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin.

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fMRI Signal Relationship to Activity

An increase in brain activity leads to increased blood flow, bringing more oxygenated hemoglobin to the area, which in turn leads to a stronger fMRI signal.

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Applications of fMRI

Researchers use fMRI to study brain activity during cognitive tasks, allowing them to identify regions involved in specific functions.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

The fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It provides cushioning, buoyancy, and regulates the extracellular environment by transporting waste products, hormones, and other essential substances.

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Neocortex

The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex, responsible for higher-level cognitive functions.

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Somatosensory Cortex

Part of the cerebral cortex responsible for processing sensory information from the body, including touch, temperature, pain, and pressure.

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Motor Cortex

Part of the cerebral cortex in the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movements. It sends signals to muscles for movement, making it essential for our actions.

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Association Cortex

The largest part of the cerebral cortex and responsible for complex cognitive functions that involve integrating information from different brain regions.

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Corpus Callosum

A bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. It allows them to communicate with each other.

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Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual, influenced by their genetic makeup and environmental factors. It includes physical and psychological traits.

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Gene x Environment Interaction

The influence of genes and environmental factors on a person's traits and behavior.

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Study Notes

Electroencephalography (EEG)

  • Electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure electrical activity caused by neural activity.
  • The EEG signal is averaged over many occurrences to reduce the effects of random neural firing. Averaging is done on the same event (e.g., stimulus onset, button press).
  • Electrodes record positive and negative peaks.
  • The timing and amplitude of these peaks reflect cognitive processes.

Requirements for detecting EEG signals

  • Synchrony
  • Spatial proximity
  • Parallel geometric configuration

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

  • Measures local blood flow (rCBF).
  • A radioactive tracer is injected into the bloodstream.
  • The tracer takes up to 30 seconds to peak.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

  • Information processing, neural activity, venous oxygenation, and fMRI signal increase.

Neuropsychological Patients

  • The methods of interference investigate the impact of interfering with a brain region (for example; damaging or removing a region) to understand the role of that region - or its removal - in a cognitive function. By removing or interfering with a brain region, researchers can determine what other functions are still there to determine what functions are affected and the importance of their location.
  • Studying patients with brain lesions to determine the role of certain regions.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

  • Temporarily disrupts cognitive function (virtual lesion).
  • A coil with electric current is placed near the head. A rapid current change creates a magnetic field.
  • Induces current in nearby neurons.

Deep Brain Stimulation

  • Temporary brain effects, without brain reorganization.
  • A focal lesion in a way that's similar to other research methods.
  • Controllable by the researcher.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

  • Located in ventricles, surrounding the brain.
  • Provides protective cushioning (buoyancy).
  • Regulates the extracellular environment (waste, hormones).

Cerebral Cortex

  • The outermost layer of the brain.
  • Four lobes (occipital, temporal, frontal, parietal) which have specific functions.

Hemispheres

  • The two halves of the brain, connected by the corpus callosum.
  • Have specialized functions (left hemisphere primarily involved in verbal processing, speech, grammar; right hemisphere involved in spatial perception, visual recognition, emotion).

Genes and Environment

  • Genotype refers to genetic makeup.
  • Phenotype refers to observable characteristics (physical and psychological).
  • Gene X environment interaction describes how genes and experience work together.

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