30 Questions
What is one way to approach disease aetiology using iPS cells?
Comparing the growth of patient-derived neurons with control-derived neurons
Where in the adult brain have two neurogenic niches been consistently found in rodents?
Subventricular zones of the lateral ventricle and subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus
What technology development in the early '90s was crucial for proving neurogenesis in the adult brain?
Invention of advanced microscopes
Which genome editing system is mentioned as one of the ways to induce genetic variation into cells?
CRISPR-cas9
Where do newborn neurons migrate to in the adult brain after being generated in the subventricular zones?
Olfactory bulb
What is the purpose of inducing genetic variants into iPS cells?
To observe differences in neuron development
Who conducted elegant work assessing neurogenesis in postmortem human brains using C14 concentration measurement?
Jonas Frisen
What are some examples of genetic variation induction methods mentioned in the text?
CRISPR-cas9 and TALENs
What kind of variants can be induced into iPS cells according to the text?
Genetic variants associated with disorders
What does the concentration of nuclear-bomb-test-derived C14 in genomic DNA correlate with in postmortem human brains?
Time after the date of birth of the individual
Which region besides the hippocampus has demonstrated the generation of new neurons throughout adulthood?
Subventricular zones
What is the focus of studying environmental risk factors in relation to disease aetiology?
Understanding external contributors to diseases
What was the purpose of the initial experiment where all 24 factors were transfected into fibroblasts?
To determine which factor induces pluripotency in fibroblasts
What is the significance of repeating the experiment with only 23 factors by leaving one out each time?
To identify the most significant factors for pluripotency induction
What is the main idea behind repeating the infection with 23 factors multiple times?
To confirm the importance of each individual factor
Why did the researcher choose to infect fibroblasts with 23 factors instead of all 24 in the subsequent experiments?
To investigate the effect of reducing the number of factors on pluripotency
What is the main goal of generating blue colonies in the subsequent experiments as mentioned in the text?
To indicate that a specific factor is unnecessary for pluripotency induction
What conclusion can be drawn if blue colonies are still observed when one factor is omitted in the experiments?
The omitted factor is not essential for inducing pluripotency
What gene is being referred to as CACNA1C in the text?
CACNA1C
What is the main focus of the study mentioned in the text?
Investigating the effects of a calcium channel mutation in neurons
Which type of cells were generated from patients with Timothy syndrome and control individuals?
iPS cells
What was the major finding regarding the behavior of the calcium channel in neurons derived from Timothy syndrome patients?
Reduced calcium channel activity
What did the researchers observe when treating cells with an inhibitor of calcium flux?
Complete elimination of calcium channel activity
Besides neurons, where else are calcium channels highlighted for their importance?
Muscle cells
What is a challenge associated with the variability of cells taken from control individuals?
Higher variability compared to mice cells
Why does the text mention that every mouse in a colony is genetically identical?
To show a contrast with the genetic variability in individual humans
What is a key characteristic of the disorders being studied according to the text?
Affect the system properties of the brain as a whole
What does the text suggest as a challenge with the iPS system in relation to brain disorders?
Struggle to build models with inherent system properties
What kind of properties are considered inaccessible when studying disorders like schizophrenia or autism?
System properties that emerge from the brain working as a whole
Why did the text mention Madeline Lancaster's work with growing cerebral organoids?
To showcase the success in modeling system properties
Explore the development of new technology in the early '90s that definitively proved neurogenesis in restricted regions of the adult brain. Learn about the two adult neurogenic niches found in rodents during normal physiological conditions.
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