31 Questions
Which neurotransmitter is the primary one for postganglionic sympathetic adrenergic nerves?
Norepinephrine
What is the term used for a neuron when its transmission is mediated by acetylcholine?
Cholinergic
Which receptor type is part of the parasympathetic system and is innervated by acetylcholine?
Muscarinic receptor
What is the neurotransmitter for nicotinic receptors?
Acetylcholine
What is the primary therapeutic use of epinephrine?
Bronchial Asthma & Heart block or cardiac arrest
Which receptor type predominates in the therapeutic use of epinephrine for anaphylactic shock?
Beta receptor
What is the primary therapeutic use of norepinephrine?
Acute hypotension in a hemodynamically unstable patient
Which receptor type predominantly affects vasoconstriction in the cardiovascular system?
Alpha-1 receptor
What is the action of dopamine on D1 receptors?
Vasodilation of renal and splanchnic beds
Which category of adrenergic drugs acts on receptors stimulated by epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Direct Acting Adrenergic Agonists
What is the action of isoproterenol on the pulmonary system?
Bronchodilation
Which agent causes release of norepinephrine from presynaptic terminals and increases NE release?
Amphetamines
Which system controls the brain's internal regulation and is essential for survival?
Endocrine system
Where do specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones?
Into the bloodstream
Which molecules rapidly diffuse across the synaptic cleft between neurons?
Neurotransmitters
What do histamines and prostaglandins serve as examples of?
Local mediators
Which division of the nervous system carries signals away from the brain and spinal cord to peripheral tissue?
Efferent division
What do somatic efferent neurons control voluntarily?
Contraction of skeletal muscles
Where does the spinal cord finish, according to the text?
At L1
What is the function of a preganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system?
To carry signals away from the brain and spinal cord
What is the mechanism of action of adrenergic agonists?
Enhancement of sympathetic activity by blocking the Na/K pump required for reuptake of norepinephrine
Which of the following best describes the effect of alpha 2 receptor activation?
Mediated by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a fall in the levels of intracellular cAMP
What are the characteristics of catecholamines as adrenergic agonists?
High potency and rapid inactivation by catechol-Omethyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO)
How do noncatecholamines differ from catecholamines as adrenergic agonists?
They lack the catechol hydroxyl groups and have longer half-lives
Which structural feature contributes to the high potency of catechol derivatives in directly activating alpha or beta receptors?
The number and location of OH substitutions on the benzene ring
Which adrenergic drug has an alternative use for shock treatment and may be used to treat acute hypotension?
Metaraminol
What is the role of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the inactivation of noncatecholamines?
It is an important route of detoxification, leading to prolonged duration of action
What is a common side effect associated with adrenergic agonists?
Arrhythmias
Which step results from the activation of alpha 1 receptor through G protein activation of phospholipase C?
Generation of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃) from phosphatidylinositol
What is the effect of ephedrine as an adrenergic agonist?
Induction of norepinephrine release from presynaptic terminals and activation of adrenergic receptors in post synaptic membranes
What is the role of desensitization in adrenergic receptors?
Fall in levels of intracellular cAMP due to inhibition by alpha 2 receptor activation
Test your knowledge about the neuroendocrine system, which regulates behavioral responses, pain, and essential bodily functions. Learn about the control of hormones, neurotransmitters, and their impact on internal organs and survival.
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