Neurobiology Quiz: Neurons and Synapses

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following proteins is directly involved in the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane?

  • Glutamic acid decarboxylase
  • Tyrosine hydroxylase
  • Synaptotagmin (correct)
  • Choline acetyltransferase

Which type of synapse allows for direct ion flow between two neurons?

  • Chemical synapse
  • Myelinated synapse
  • Axodendritic synapse
  • Electrical synapse (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?

  • Depolarization followed by repolarization
  • Refractory period
  • Graded potential (correct)
  • All-or-none response

Which of the following neurotransmitters is synthesized by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase?

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following increases the speed of action potential conduction?

<p>Presence of a myelin sheath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the neuronal cytoskeleton?

<p>Intermediate Filaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the axon hillock?

<p>Integrating incoming signals and initiating action potentials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

<p>Oligodendrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>To maintain the concentration gradient of ions across the membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport moves materials from the soma to the axon terminal?

<p>Anterograde transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Nernst equation used to calculate?

<p>The equilibrium potential for a specific ion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes?

<p>Myelinating axons in the CNS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons?

<p>The type of signal they transmit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chemical synapses?

<p>Direct ion flow between neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins acts as a calcium sensor during the process of neurotransmitter release?

<p>Synaptotagmin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter synthesized by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase?

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following increases the speed of action potential conduction along an axon?

<p>Increasing the diameter of the axon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

<p>GABA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the function of microtubules in neurons?

<p>Microtubules provide structural support and facilitate the transport of molecules within the neuron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

<p>The pump actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

<p>Both cell types are responsible for the production of myelin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system?

<p>Satellite cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between anterograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport?

<p>Anterograde transport moves molecules from the soma to the axon terminal, while retrograde transport moves molecules from the axon terminal to the soma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of neurons is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system?

<p>Sensory neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Nernst equation is used to calculate which of the following values?

<p>The equilibrium potential for an ion across a membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neuron Doctrine

Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system, handling electrical signals.

Types of Glial Cells

CNS: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal; PNS: Schwann, satellite cells.

Axoplasmic Transport

Movement of materials within the neuron; anterograde (soma to terminal) and retrograde (terminal to soma).

Dendrites

Extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons.

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Neuron Membrane Composition

Consists of a phospholipid bilayer and ion channels that regulate flow.

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Resting Membrane Potential

The voltage difference across a neuron at rest, influenced by ion gradients and permeability.

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Cytoskeleton Components

Includes microtubules (structure), neurofilaments (stability), and actin microfilaments (shape/motility).

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Sensory and Motor Neurons

Types of neurons: sensory detect stimuli; motor conduct responses.

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Action Potential Phases

Includes resting, threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and return to rest.

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Types of Synapses

Electrical synapses allow direct ion flow; chemical synapses involve neurotransmitter release.

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Essential Ion for Neurotransmitter Release

Calcium (Ca2+) ions are crucial for vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release.

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Neurotransmitter Criteria

Neurotransmitters must be synthesized in neurons, released upon stimulation, and produce a response.

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Excitatory vs. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, acetylcholine) increase activity, while inhibitory (e.g., GABA, glycine) decrease it.

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Action Potential Features

Characteristics of action potentials include being all-or-none and having refractory periods.

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Speed Increase Mechanisms

Methods to increase action potential speed include myelination and a larger axon diameter.

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Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels

Sodium channels that open quickly during action potentials and include an inactivation gate.

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Synaptic Transmission Steps

Process from action potential to neurotransmitter release involves Ca2+ influx and vesicle fusion.

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Post-Synaptic Receptors

Receptors that respond to neurotransmitters; ionotropic are fast and ligand-gated, metabotropic are slower and G-protein coupled.

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Neuron Structure

Neurons are the units for receiving and transmitting signals in the nervous system.

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Neuron Labeling

Identify parts of a neuron: soma, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, synapse.

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Neuron Connections

Neurons can be sensory, motor, or interneurons based on their functions.

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Dendritic Arbor Regulation

Controls the strength of synaptic inputs to neurons.

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Types of Ion Transport

Ions move passively through channels or actively via pumps like Na+/K+ ATPase.

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Microtubules Function

Microtubules support neuron structure and aid in transport.

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Neural Circuits

Groups of neurons that work together for a specific function, such as reflex arcs.

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Protein Synthesis in Neurons

Mainly occurs in the soma; axons and dendrites have limited synthesis ability.

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Study Notes

Neuroscience Exam Study Guide

  • Neuron Doctrine: Neurons are the fundamental structural and functional units of the nervous system, responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting electrical signals.

  • Cell Types in Nervous System:

    • Neurons: Conduct electrical impulses.
    • Glial Cells: Support neurons (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, ependymal cells).

  • Neuron Labeling: Students should be able to identify the soma, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, and synapse.

  • Neurites: Processes extending from the soma:

    • Axon collaterals: Branches of an axon.
    • Recurrent collaterals: Axon branches that synapse on the neuron itself.

  • Cytoskeleton Components:

    • Microtubules: Responsible for structure and transport.
    • Neurofilaments: Provide structural stability.
    • Actin Microfilaments: Contribute to shape and motility.

  • Axoplasmic Transport:

    • Anterograde (kinesin): Transport from the soma to the axon terminal.
    • Retrograde (dynein): Transport from the axon terminal to the soma.

  • Protein Synthesis in Neurons:

    • Soma: The primary site for protein synthesis.
    • Axons/Dendrites: Limited local protein synthesis occurs in these regions.

  • Types of Neuron Connections:

    • Sensory: Transmit signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.
    • Motor: Carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands.
    • Interneurons: Connect neurons within the CNS.

  • Dendritic Arbor Regulation: Influences the strength of synaptic input.

Glial Cells and Nervous System Organization

  • Types of Glial Cells & Locations:

    • CNS: Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells.
    • PNS: Schwann cells, satellite cells.

  • Functions of Glial Cells:

    • Astrocytes: Support neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier.
    • Oligodendrocytes/Schwann Cells: Myelination of axons (oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS).
    • Microglia: Immune defense in the CNS.
    • Ependymal Cells: Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

  • Neural Circuits: Functional groups of neurons. Examples include reflex arcs.

Nervous System Organization

  • CNS (Central Nervous System): Brain and spinal cord.
  • PNS (Peripheral Nervous System): Nerves and ganglia.

Membrane Properties and Electrical Signaling

  • Neuron Membrane Composition: Phospholipid bilayer, ion channels.
  • Ion Transport Types & Mechanisms:
    • Passive (Ion channels): Allow ion movement down their concentration gradients.
    • Active (Pumps - Na+/K+ ATPase): Require energy to move ions against their gradients.
  • Resting Membrane Potential Factors: Ion gradients and selective membrane permeability.
  • Action Potential Graph: Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, refractory periods (all-or-none, refractory periods).

Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters

  • Types of Synapses:

    • Electrical: Direct ion flow (gap junctions).
    • Chemical: Neurotransmitter release.

  • Neurotransmitter Release Steps: Depolarization, calcium influx, vesicle fusion, neurotransmitter release.

  • Essential Ion for Fusion: Calcium (Ca2+).

  • Post-Synaptic Receptors:

    • Ionotropic: Fast, ligand-gated.
    • Metabotropic: Slow, G-protein coupled.

  • Neurotransmitter Criteria: Synthesized in neurons, released upon stimulation, produces a response.

  • Neurotransmitter Classification: Structure, function, receptor interaction.

  • Neurotransmitters (Synthesis and Release):

    • Acetylcholine: Choline acetyltransferase.
    • Catecholamines: Tyrosine hydroxylase.
    • Serotonin: Tryptophan hydroxylase.
    • Amino Acid Neurotransmitters: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GABA).

  • Excitatory vs. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters:

    • Excitatory: Glutamate, acetylcholine.
    • Inhibitory: GABA, glycine.

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