Neurobiology Quiz: Neurons and Synapses
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following proteins is directly involved in the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane?

  • Glutamic acid decarboxylase
  • Tyrosine hydroxylase
  • Synaptotagmin (correct)
  • Choline acetyltransferase

    • Which type of synapse allows for direct ion flow between two neurons?

  • Chemical synapse
  • Myelinated synapse
  • Axodendritic synapse
  • Electrical synapse (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?

  • Depolarization followed by repolarization
  • Refractory period
  • Graded potential (correct)
  • All-or-none response

    • Which of the following neurotransmitters is synthesized by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase?

    <p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following increases the speed of action potential conduction?

    <p>Presence of a myelin sheath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the neuronal cytoskeleton?

    <p>Intermediate Filaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the axon hillock?

    <p>Integrating incoming signals and initiating action potentials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>To maintain the concentration gradient of ions across the membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport moves materials from the soma to the axon terminal?

    <p>Anterograde transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Nernst equation used to calculate?

    <p>The equilibrium potential for a specific ion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes?

    <p>Myelinating axons in the CNS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons?

    <p>The type of signal they transmit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chemical synapses?

    <p>Direct ion flow between neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins acts as a calcium sensor during the process of neurotransmitter release?

    <p>Synaptotagmin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a neurotransmitter synthesized by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase?

    <p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following increases the speed of action potential conduction along an axon?

    <p>Increasing the diameter of the axon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

    <p>GABA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the function of microtubules in neurons?

    <p>Microtubules provide structural support and facilitate the transport of molecules within the neuron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

    <p>The pump actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic shared by both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

    <p>Both cell types are responsible for the production of myelin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system?

    <p>Satellite cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between anterograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport?

    <p>Anterograde transport moves molecules from the soma to the axon terminal, while retrograde transport moves molecules from the axon terminal to the soma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of neurons is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system?

    <p>Sensory neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Nernst equation is used to calculate which of the following values?

    <p>The equilibrium potential for an ion across a membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Neuron Doctrine

    Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system, handling electrical signals.

    Types of Glial Cells

    CNS: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal; PNS: Schwann, satellite cells.

    Axoplasmic Transport

    Movement of materials within the neuron; anterograde (soma to terminal) and retrograde (terminal to soma).

    Dendrites

    Extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons.

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    Neuron Membrane Composition

    Consists of a phospholipid bilayer and ion channels that regulate flow.

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    Resting Membrane Potential

    The voltage difference across a neuron at rest, influenced by ion gradients and permeability.

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    Cytoskeleton Components

    Includes microtubules (structure), neurofilaments (stability), and actin microfilaments (shape/motility).

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    Sensory and Motor Neurons

    Types of neurons: sensory detect stimuli; motor conduct responses.

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    Action Potential Phases

    Includes resting, threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and return to rest.

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    Types of Synapses

    Electrical synapses allow direct ion flow; chemical synapses involve neurotransmitter release.

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    Essential Ion for Neurotransmitter Release

    Calcium (Ca2+) ions are crucial for vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release.

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    Neurotransmitter Criteria

    Neurotransmitters must be synthesized in neurons, released upon stimulation, and produce a response.

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    Excitatory vs. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

    Excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, acetylcholine) increase activity, while inhibitory (e.g., GABA, glycine) decrease it.

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    Action Potential Features

    Characteristics of action potentials include being all-or-none and having refractory periods.

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    Speed Increase Mechanisms

    Methods to increase action potential speed include myelination and a larger axon diameter.

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    Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels

    Sodium channels that open quickly during action potentials and include an inactivation gate.

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    Synaptic Transmission Steps

    Process from action potential to neurotransmitter release involves Ca2+ influx and vesicle fusion.

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    Post-Synaptic Receptors

    Receptors that respond to neurotransmitters; ionotropic are fast and ligand-gated, metabotropic are slower and G-protein coupled.

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    Neuron Structure

    Neurons are the units for receiving and transmitting signals in the nervous system.

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    Neuron Labeling

    Identify parts of a neuron: soma, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, synapse.

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    Neuron Connections

    Neurons can be sensory, motor, or interneurons based on their functions.

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    Dendritic Arbor Regulation

    Controls the strength of synaptic inputs to neurons.

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    Types of Ion Transport

    Ions move passively through channels or actively via pumps like Na+/K+ ATPase.

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    Microtubules Function

    Microtubules support neuron structure and aid in transport.

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    Neural Circuits

    Groups of neurons that work together for a specific function, such as reflex arcs.

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    Protein Synthesis in Neurons

    Mainly occurs in the soma; axons and dendrites have limited synthesis ability.

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    Study Notes

    Neuroscience Exam Study Guide

    • Neuron Doctrine: Neurons are the fundamental structural and functional units of the nervous system, responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting electrical signals.

    • Cell Types in Nervous System:

      • Neurons: Conduct electrical impulses.
      • Glial Cells: Support neurons (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, ependymal cells).

    • Neuron Labeling: Students should be able to identify the soma, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, and synapse.

    • Neurites: Processes extending from the soma:

      • Axon collaterals: Branches of an axon.
      • Recurrent collaterals: Axon branches that synapse on the neuron itself.

    • Cytoskeleton Components:

      • Microtubules: Responsible for structure and transport.
      • Neurofilaments: Provide structural stability.
      • Actin Microfilaments: Contribute to shape and motility.

    • Axoplasmic Transport:

      • Anterograde (kinesin): Transport from the soma to the axon terminal.
      • Retrograde (dynein): Transport from the axon terminal to the soma.

    • Protein Synthesis in Neurons:

      • Soma: The primary site for protein synthesis.
      • Axons/Dendrites: Limited local protein synthesis occurs in these regions.

    • Types of Neuron Connections:

      • Sensory: Transmit signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.
      • Motor: Carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands.
      • Interneurons: Connect neurons within the CNS.

    • Dendritic Arbor Regulation: Influences the strength of synaptic input.

    Glial Cells and Nervous System Organization

    • Types of Glial Cells & Locations:

      • CNS: Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells.
      • PNS: Schwann cells, satellite cells.

    • Functions of Glial Cells:

      • Astrocytes: Support neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier.
      • Oligodendrocytes/Schwann Cells: Myelination of axons (oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS).
      • Microglia: Immune defense in the CNS.
      • Ependymal Cells: Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

    • Neural Circuits: Functional groups of neurons. Examples include reflex arcs.

    Nervous System Organization

    • CNS (Central Nervous System): Brain and spinal cord.
    • PNS (Peripheral Nervous System): Nerves and ganglia.

    Membrane Properties and Electrical Signaling

    • Neuron Membrane Composition: Phospholipid bilayer, ion channels.
    • Ion Transport Types & Mechanisms:
      • Passive (Ion channels): Allow ion movement down their concentration gradients.
      • Active (Pumps - Na+/K+ ATPase): Require energy to move ions against their gradients.
    • Resting Membrane Potential Factors: Ion gradients and selective membrane permeability.
    • Action Potential Graph: Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, refractory periods (all-or-none, refractory periods).

    Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters

    • Types of Synapses:

      • Electrical: Direct ion flow (gap junctions).
      • Chemical: Neurotransmitter release.

    • Neurotransmitter Release Steps: Depolarization, calcium influx, vesicle fusion, neurotransmitter release.

    • Essential Ion for Fusion: Calcium (Ca2+).

    • Post-Synaptic Receptors:

      • Ionotropic: Fast, ligand-gated.
      • Metabotropic: Slow, G-protein coupled.

    • Neurotransmitter Criteria: Synthesized in neurons, released upon stimulation, produces a response.

    • Neurotransmitter Classification: Structure, function, receptor interaction.

    • Neurotransmitters (Synthesis and Release):

      • Acetylcholine: Choline acetyltransferase.
      • Catecholamines: Tyrosine hydroxylase.
      • Serotonin: Tryptophan hydroxylase.
      • Amino Acid Neurotransmitters: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GABA).

    • Excitatory vs. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters:

      • Excitatory: Glutamate, acetylcholine.
      • Inhibitory: GABA, glycine.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key neurobiology concepts related to neurons and synaptic communication. This quiz covers topics such as action potentials, neurotransmitter functions, glial cells, and the properties of synapses. Perfect for students studying neurobiology or cellular neuroscience.

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