Questions and Answers
Which of the following layers covers the spinal cord from the outside?
What is the primary component of white matter in the spinal cord?
What type of tracts in the spinal cord carry nerve impulses towards the brain?
Which term correctly describes a bundle of nerve fibers with a common origin in the spinal cord?
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Where is grey matter located in the spinal cord?
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Which covering of the spinal cord is located directly adjacent to the spinal cord itself?
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What is a misnomer that was corrected in recent textbooks regarding the basal ganglia?
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What term is used to describe the condition of white matter that gives it a distinct appearance in unstained sections?
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What is the primary cause of syringomyelia?
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Which regions of the body are most commonly affected by syringomyelia?
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What pathophysiological changes occur at the site of the syringomyelia lesion?
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Which of the following statements about syringomyelia is true?
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In which part of the neuroaxis is syringomyelia primarily localized?
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What is the primary direction of sensory pathways in the nervous system?
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Which type of paralysis refers to the loss of movement in one limb only?
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In the context of spinal cord injuries, what does the term 'reaction of degeneration' refer to?
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What is the impact of complete hemisection of the spinal cord?
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Which type of paralysis involves the loss of movement in the lower limbs?
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What typically causes Brown-Séquard Syndrome?
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What is the main characteristic of diplegia?
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What is a common characteristic of the spinal cord when subjected to pressure from vertebral structures?
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What is the main area affected by poliomyelitis in the nervous system?
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What type of infection is poliomyelitis classified as?
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What has been a significant outcome of immunization against poliomyelitis?
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Which disease is associated with demyelination of the central nervous system?
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What is one effect of multiple sclerosis on the ascending and descending tracts?
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What was the historical significance of poliomyelitis before immunization efforts?
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Which portion of the nervous system is primarily affected by poliomyelitis?
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What component of the cranial nerves is affected by poliomyelitis?
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At which intervertebral disc level does the adult spinal cord typically terminate?
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Which structure represents the distal end of the spinal cord?
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Somatic nerve plexuses, such as the brachial plexus, are primarily formed by the merging of which rami?
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Which of the following correctly describes the function of the cauda equina?
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What is the primary function of the filum terminale?
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The brachial plexus primarily innervates which part of the body?
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The conus medullaris typically terminates at which vertebral level in adults?
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Which structure is responsible for the posterior sensory information in the spinal cord?
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Study Notes
Spinal Cord Coverings and Structure
- Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater are the three protective layers surrounding the spinal cord.
- Grey matter is located internally in the spinal cord, while white matter is external.
- "Basal ganglia" is now referred to as "basal nuclei" in contemporary neuroanatomy textbooks.
White Matter and Tracts
- White matter consists mainly of myelinated axons, giving it a lighter appearance in unstained sections.
- Tracts are bundles of nerve fibers with a shared origin and termination.
- Ascending tracts transport nerve impulses from peripheral regions to the brain; for example, the anterior spinothalamic tract.
Motor and Sensory Pathways
- Motor pathways lead away from the Central Nervous System (CNS), while sensory pathways move towards the CNS.
- Galvanic current causes muscle contractions only during activation; changes in muscle response can indicate neurological conditions.
Paralysis Types
- Hemiplegia: paralysis affecting one side of the body, including an upper limb, trunk, and lower limb.
- Monoplegia: paralysis of a single limb.
- Diplegia: paralysis of two corresponding limbs (either arms or legs).
- Paraplegia: paralysis affecting both lower limbs.
- Quadriplegia: paralysis of all four limbs.
- Brown-Séquard Syndrome: involves hemisection of the spinal cord, can result from fractures or trauma.
- Syringomyelia: cavitation occurring in the central canal of the spinal cord, often affecting the brainstem and cervical spinal cord.
- Poliomyelitis: viral infection primarily damaging anterior grey columns, significantly reduced due to widespread immunization.
- Multiple sclerosis: involves the demyelination of both ascending and descending tracts in the CNS.
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Terminology
- The adult spinal cord terminates around the L1-L2 intervertebral disc level.
- The distal end of the spinal cord is known as the conus medullaris.
- Somatic nerve plexuses, such as the brachial plexus, arise from the merging of ventral rami.
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Description
Explore the coverings and spaces of the spinal cord, focusing on the dura mater and arachnoid mater. This quiz covers essential neuroanatomy concepts related to spinal cord structure. Test your understanding of these critical components.