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Questions and Answers
What is indicated by the term sympathetic division in relation to ganglia?
What is indicated by the term sympathetic division in relation to ganglia?
- Ganglia are only found in the spinal cord.
- Ganglia do not have a specific location.
- Ganglia are located close to the CNS. (correct)
- Ganglia are located far from the CNS.
What system is sometimes referred to in relation to the ANS components located in the wall of the digestive tract?
What system is sometimes referred to in relation to the ANS components located in the wall of the digestive tract?
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Cranial nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
- Enteric nervous system (correct)
During the formation of the neural tube, what happens to the neural crest cells?
During the formation of the neural tube, what happens to the neural crest cells?
- They undergo apoptosis before forming the tube.
- They migrate away from the neural tube.
- They loosen and become mesenchymal. (correct)
- They remain unchanged throughout the process.
What is the first step in the process of neurulation as described?
What is the first step in the process of neurulation as described?
What occurs after the neural folds elevate during neurulation?
What occurs after the neural folds elevate during neurulation?
What is the role of the notochord in early embryonic development?
What is the role of the notochord in early embryonic development?
Where is the mass of neural crest cells positioned during early neurulation?
Where is the mass of neural crest cells positioned during early neurulation?
What structures are formed as a result of the fusion of the neural folds?
What structures are formed as a result of the fusion of the neural folds?
What type of neurons are located in the granular layer mentioned in the content?
What type of neurons are located in the granular layer mentioned in the content?
In which area of the spinal cord is the gray matter located?
In which area of the spinal cord is the gray matter located?
Which structure is formed by the synapses in the molecular layer?
Which structure is formed by the synapses in the molecular layer?
What characteristic is NOT associated with the large motor neurons in the ventral horns of the spinal cord?
What characteristic is NOT associated with the large motor neurons in the ventral horns of the spinal cord?
What indicates the presence of CSF in the spinal cord?
What indicates the presence of CSF in the spinal cord?
What is the main function of the intermediate filaments made of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) in astrocytic processes?
What is the main function of the intermediate filaments made of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) in astrocytic processes?
What are the two main types of astrocytes mentioned, based on their structural characteristics?
What are the two main types of astrocytes mentioned, based on their structural characteristics?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
How do astrocytes compare to neurons in terms of quantity in the mammalian brain?
How do astrocytes compare to neurons in terms of quantity in the mammalian brain?
What type of processes do fibrous astrocytes predominantly have?
What type of processes do fibrous astrocytes predominantly have?
What is a key structural feature of astrocytes that allows them to associate with a large number of synaptic sites?
What is a key structural feature of astrocytes that allows them to associate with a large number of synaptic sites?
From which embryonic structure do astrocytes originate?
From which embryonic structure do astrocytes originate?
What is a significant role of glial cells in the brain?
What is a significant role of glial cells in the brain?
What role do presynaptic terminals play in neurotransmitter release?
What role do presynaptic terminals play in neurotransmitter release?
Which of the following correctly describes the effect of excitatory neurotransmitters?
Which of the following correctly describes the effect of excitatory neurotransmitters?
What is the primary role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the presynaptic neuron?
What is the primary role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the presynaptic neuron?
What types of structures are primarily found in the presynaptic terminal?
What types of structures are primarily found in the presynaptic terminal?
Which statement accurately describes the postsynaptic membrane?
Which statement accurately describes the postsynaptic membrane?
What happens to acetylcholine after it is released into the synaptic cleft?
What happens to acetylcholine after it is released into the synaptic cleft?
What is the role of synaptic vesicles in neurotransmission?
What is the role of synaptic vesicles in neurotransmission?
How is neurotransmitter activity terminated at a synapse?
How is neurotransmitter activity terminated at a synapse?
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
Which of the following describes a function of ependymal cells?
Which of the following describes a function of ependymal cells?
What is a major role of microglial cells?
What is a major role of microglial cells?
Which of the following statements about perivascular feet is true?
Which of the following statements about perivascular feet is true?
Which function is specifically associated with the production of cerebrospinal fluid?
Which function is specifically associated with the production of cerebrospinal fluid?
How do oligodendrocytes contribute to neuronal health?
How do oligodendrocytes contribute to neuronal health?
What distinguishes microglial cells from other glial cells?
What distinguishes microglial cells from other glial cells?
In the context of neuronal development, which glial cell type plays a supportive role?
In the context of neuronal development, which glial cell type plays a supportive role?
Study Notes
The Sympathetic Nervous System
- The sympathetic division is responsible for the body's response to emergencies and excitement.
- Its ganglia are located close to the central nervous system (CNS).
The Enteric Nervous System
- ANS components found in the digestive tract are referred to as the enteric nervous system.
Neurulation
- The neural plate folds to form the neural groove.
- The neural groove elevates and approaches one another to form neural folds.
- As the neural folds fuse to form the neural tube and dorsal epidermis, neural crest cells loosen and become mesenchymal.
- Neural crest cells initially lie atop the newly formed neural tube.
Synapses
- The presynaptic axon terminal (terminal bouton) contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters.
- Neurotransmitters released from excitatory synapses cause the opening of postsynaptic sodium channels.
Glial Cells
- Glial cells support neuronal survival and activities. They are most numerous in the brain and are more abundant than neurons.
- They originate from progenitor cells of the embryonic neural plate.
- Astrocytes are the most diverse structurally and functionally in the brain.
- Fibrous astrocytes are abundant in white matter and have long, delicate processes.
- Protoplasmic astrocytes predominate in the gray matter and have many shorter processes.
- Astrocytes have a large number of long radiating, branching processes.
Functions of Glial Cells
- Provide structural support and organization for the central nervous system.
- Assists with neuronal development.
- Replicates to occupy the space of dying neurons.
Functions of Ependymal Cells
- Lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
- Assists in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Functions of Microglial Cells
- The brain's resident macrophages.
- They are phagocytic immune cells.
- They scavenge debris and pathogens by engulfing them.
The Spinal Cord
- The spinal cord varies in diameter but maintains bilateral symmetry.
- It contains a small central canal filled with CSF.
- The gray matter is internal in the spinal cord, forming a butterfly-shaped structure.
- The white matter surrounds the gray matter and is composed of myelinated axons.
- The anterior part of the spinal cord contains motor neurons in large bundles.
- The dorsal part of the spinal cord contains sensory neurons.
The Cerebellum
- It is located in the posterior cranial fossa, behind the brain stem.
- Contains a layer of large Purkinje neurons.
- The smaller neurons of the granular layer are unmyelinated.
- Neurons in the granular layer form synapses with dendritic spines of Purkinje cells.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to the sympathetic and enteric nervous systems, neurulation, synapses, and glial cells. Test your understanding of how these components contribute to the overall function and structure of the nervous system. Dive into the intricate workings of neural systems with this engaging quiz!
