Neuroanatomical Terms and View Planes
47 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the 'filter' in Broadbent's model of attention?

  • To ensure all stimuli are processed deeply
  • To prevent overload in the system by allowing only one stimulus through (correct)
  • To eliminate the need for rehearsal
  • To enhance all incoming stimuli equally

Which type of rehearsal involves rote repetition without meaningful transformation?

  • Elaborative rehearsal
  • Visual imagery
  • Deep processing
  • Maintenance rehearsal (correct)

According to Craik and Tulving, which encoding condition typically leads to the best learning outcomes?

  • Recognition without context
  • Semantic processing (correct)
  • Superficial inquiry
  • Phonological processing

What is one method mentioned for enriching encoding during memorization?

<p>Self-referent encoding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sensory register storage?

<p>Processes information semantically (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What region of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?

<p>Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions of sleep involves recovery of bodily systems?

<p>Restoration and recovery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sleep disorder is characterized by sudden, uncontrollable episodes of sleep?

<p>Narcolepsy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of dreaming suggests that dreams serve as wish fulfillments?

<p>Sigmund Freud's theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The retinohypothalamic tract is crucial in which process?

<p>Entrainment of circadian rhythms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major criticism did Cannon argue against the James-Lange theory of emotion?

<p>Psychological states precede physiological responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is associated with triggering REM sleep?

<p>Pons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following emotions is NOT typically included in the basic emotions model proposed by Ekman?

<p>Pride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of aphasia is characterized by fluent speech but poor comprehension?

<p>Wernicke's aphasia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Wernicke's aphasia?

<p>Partial paralysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of paraphasia involves making a semantic error that is similar to the desired word?

<p>Semantic paraphasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of the speech of a person with Wernicke's aphasia?

<p>Grammatical but nonsensical speech (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area in the brain is primarily associated with Wernicke's aphasia?

<p>Superior temporal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals with Wernicke's aphasia generally perceive their language difficulties?

<p>No awareness of their difficulties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of speech do individuals often use invented words or distortions of sounds?

<p>Neologism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of communication preserved in individuals with Wernicke's aphasia?

<p>Understanding of facial expressions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tracts from nerves?

<p>Tracts are found in the CNS, while nerves are found in the PNS. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plane of view is best for visualizing different structures within the brain?

<p>Coronal plane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In neuroanatomical terms, what direction does 'dorsal' refer to in relation to the spinal cord and brain?

<p>Towards the back for spinal cord, towards the top for brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are contained within the telencephalon?

<p>Cerebral cortex and limbic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct term for the mid sagittal view?

<p>A slice right down the middle of the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines anterior in relation to the brain and spinal cord?

<p>Towards the front of both the brain and spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the diencephalon?

<p>Thalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the horizontal plane provide in terms of brain visualization?

<p>Slices from various levels in brain orientation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical mechanism through which a haemorrhagic stroke might occur?

<p>Rupturing of an aneurysm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about an aneurysm is true?

<p>An aneurysm can remain asymptomatic until it ruptures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a buildup of clotted blood against the interior surface of a blood vessel?

<p>Thrombus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures is considered the best prognostic measure after brain injury?

<p>Length of post-traumatic amnesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a clinical neuropsychologist following a brain injury?

<p>To assess long-term cognitive and behavioral symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the initial misconceptions regarding HM's anterograde amnesia?

<p>It was believed to be due entirely to damage in the hippocampus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hippocampus play in memory formation?

<p>It aids in forming and reorganizing memories over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the delayed non-matching-to-sample task?

<p>To test declarative memory capabilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of bilateral surgical removal of the perirhinal cortex?

<p>Severe and permanent deficits in object recognition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the effectiveness of synapses during long-term potentiation (LTP)?

<p>It results in a stable and enduring increase in synaptic effectiveness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of NMDA receptors involved in LTP?

<p>They need postsynaptic depolarization to function effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs during REM sleep compared to NREM sleep?

<p>Increased blood pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical pattern of EEG activity during REM sleep?

<p>Similar to awake states. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during long-term potentiation in synaptic mechanisms?

<p>A repeated pre-synaptic firing leads to a stronger post-synaptic response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function not associated with the amygdala regarding memory?

<p>Influencing object recognition memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a task measuring declarative memory in nonhuman species?

<p>Delayed non-matching-to-sample task. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to heart rate during NREM sleep?

<p>It slows from wakefulness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary hypothesis in the mechanisms of learning and memory?

<p>Both structural and physiological changes at synapses are crucial. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Selective Attention

The ability to focus on specific stimuli while filtering out others.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeatedly saying something over and over again to remember it.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information to something you already know to learn it better.

Levels of Processing

The deeper the processing, the better the memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensory Register

Briefly holds sensory information from the environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tracts vs. Nerves

Tracts are bundles of axons in the central nervous system (CNS), while nerves are bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nuclei vs. Ganglia

Nuclei are groups of neuron cell bodies in the CNS, while ganglia are groups of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coronal Plane

A plane that divides the body or an organ into front and back sections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Horizontal Plane

A plane that divides the body or an organ into upper and lower sections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuroanatomical Directions

Relative directions used to describe the location of brain structures in relation to the neuroaxis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Telencephalon

Part of the forebrain that contains the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diencephalon

Part of the forebrain containing the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Circadian Rhythm

The internal biological clock that regulates sleep-wake cycles and other bodily functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SCN

The suprachiasmatic nucleus; a tiny brain structure that regulates circadian rhythms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

REM Sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreams, and muscle paralysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sleep Functions

Sleep serves various purposes, including restoration, energy conservation, memory consolidation, protection, and brain development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restless sleep.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Basal Forebrain

A brain region involved in inducing slow-wave sleep (SWS).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Emotion vs. Mood

Emotions are short-term, intense feelings while moods are longer-lasting, less intense feelings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

James-Lange Theory

A theory proposing that physiological responses to an event precede the experience of emotion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wernicke's Aphasia

A type of aphasia characterized by difficulty understanding speech (both spoken and their own), fluent but nonsensical speech, and trouble repeating words or sentences. It results from damage near Wernicke's area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fluent Aphasia

A characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia: speech is smooth, grammatical and seemingly effortless, but not comprehensible.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Broca's Aphasia

A type of aphasia characterized by difficulty producing speech. The speech produced is often fragmented and effortful, but the understanding is retained.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Paraphasia (Semantic)

In Wernicke's aphasia, using a word similar in meaning but different in sound to the intended word.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neologism

In Wernicke's aphasia, making up new, nonsensical words.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Circumlocutory Speech

In Wernicke's aphasia, talking around a word or topic to avoid saying it directly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Which animal died? (Lion or Tiger)

The lion died in this context.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wernicke's area location

Located in the left superior temporal cortex (near the auditory cortex).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thrombosis

A blood clot forming inside a blood vessel.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Embolism

A foreign object (e.g., clot, air) traveling in the bloodstream and blocking a vessel.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aneurysm

A weakened blood vessel wall, potentially creating a bulge.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Haemorrhagic stroke

Stroke caused by bleeding in the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

A scale used to assess the severity of a brain injury based on neurological function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Animal model of HM's amnesia challenge

Early attempts to create animal models of amnesia caused by medial temporal lobe damage were unsuccessful due to incorrect assumptions about the relationship to declarative memory and the focus on hippocampal lesions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Delayed non-matching-to-sample

A task used to assess declarative memory in primates, crucial in determining the role of specific brain structures in amnesia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Perirhinal cortex lesion

Surgical removal of the perirhinal cortex causes severe and permanent declarative memory deficits (e.g., object recognition).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hippocampus lesion impact

Lesions to the hippocampus cause either moderate or no significant declarative memory deficits in animals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amygdala role in memory

Bilateral amygdala damage does not affect object recognition and declarative memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hippocampus's role in memory

Hippocampus acts in memory formation, temporary storage, and spatial reasoning – but its role decreases as memories become stable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Synaptic learning and memory mechanism

New synapse formation, synapse rearrangement, and neurogenesis are part of structural changes that lead to learning and memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A lasting increase in synaptic strength, crucial for learning and memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NMDA receptor

A glutamate receptor that plays a role in LTP, requiring both glutamate binding and partial depolarization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

LTP mechanism

Calcium influx induced by simultaneous glutamate binding and depolarization triggers a cascade of events leading to LTP.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A technique that measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes on the scalp.

Signup and view all the flashcards

EEG signal

EEG displays the electrical signals generated by many brain cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sleep stages and EEG

EEG patterns differ during wakefulness and different sleep stages (NREM and REM), reflecting changes in brain activity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

REM sleep characteristics

REM sleep is associated with increased brain activity in sensory and motor areas, rapid eye movements, and muscle paralysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Neuroanatomical Terms and Conventions

  • Tracts are bundles of axons in the CNS (white matter)
  • Nerves are bundles of axons in the PNS
  • Nuclei are groups of neuron cell bodies in the CNS (grey matter)
  • Ganglia are groups of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
  • Planes of view include sagittal, coronal, and horizontal

Planes of View

  • Horizontal plane: a slice parallel to the brain's normal orientation
  • Sagittal plane: a slice from the front of the forehead to the back; if it's through the middle, it's called the midsagittal view (provides the most visualization to whole brain structures), aka medial view.
  • Coronal plane (coronal = crown): a great view for visualizing different structures within the brain

Divisions of the Brain

  • Forebrain: subdivided into telencephalon and diencephalon
  • Telencephalon contains the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia
  • Diencephalon contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
  • Midbrain: contains superior and inferior colliculi
  • Hindbrain: contains the medulla, pons, cerebellum, and reticular formation

Development of the Nervous System

  • Ectoderm is the source of the nervous system
  • The ectoderm thickens to form a neural plate, then a neural groove
  • The neural groove edges fuse to form the neural tube
  • Neural crest cells develop into the PNS

Development of Neural Tube

  • The neural tube forms the CNS
  • Neural crests form the PNS
  • Embryonic vesicles develop into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

Functions of Hindbrain Regions

  • Medulla controls vital functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
  • Pons connects the brainstem with the cerebellum and is involved in alertness and consciousness
  • Cerebellum coordinates movement and balance

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

PYB102 Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Test your understanding of neuroanatomical terms and conventions related to the central and peripheral nervous systems. This quiz covers various anatomical divisions of the brain and the different planes of view essential for brain imaging. Perfect for students of neuroscience or related fields.

More Like This

Anatomical Terms Quiz
5 questions

Anatomical Terminology Quiz: Test Your Knowledge of Anatomical Terms

VictoriousConsciousness avatar
VictoriousConsciousness
Anatomía del Cerebro
14 questions

Anatomía del Cerebro

UndisputedCamellia avatar
UndisputedCamellia
Biologia: Anatomia do Sistema Nervoso Central
16 questions

Biologia: Anatomia do Sistema Nervoso Central

PalatialPhiladelphia avatar
PalatialPhiladelphia
Anatomical Terminology and Planes Quiz
24 questions

Anatomical Terminology and Planes Quiz

SkillfulTroll9550 avatar
SkillfulTroll9550
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser