Neuroanatomical Terms and View Planes

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the 'filter' in Broadbent's model of attention?

To ensure all stimuli are processed deeply

To prevent overload in the system by allowing only one stimulus through (correct)

To eliminate the need for rehearsal

To enhance all incoming stimuli equally

Which type of rehearsal involves rote repetition without meaningful transformation?

Elaborative rehearsal

Visual imagery

Deep processing

Maintenance rehearsal (correct)

According to Craik and Tulving, which encoding condition typically leads to the best learning outcomes?

Recognition without context

Semantic processing (correct)

Superficial inquiry

Phonological processing

What is one method mentioned for enriching encoding during memorization?

Self-referent encoding (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sensory register storage?

Processes information semantically (D) Signup and view all the answers

What region of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions of sleep involves recovery of bodily systems?

Restoration and recovery (B) Signup and view all the answers

What sleep disorder is characterized by sudden, uncontrollable episodes of sleep?

Narcolepsy (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of dreaming suggests that dreams serve as wish fulfillments?

Sigmund Freud's theory (C) Signup and view all the answers

The retinohypothalamic tract is crucial in which process?

Entrainment of circadian rhythms (B) Signup and view all the answers

What major criticism did Cannon argue against the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Psychological states precede physiological responses (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is associated with triggering REM sleep?

Pons (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following emotions is NOT typically included in the basic emotions model proposed by Ekman?

Pride (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of aphasia is characterized by fluent speech but poor comprehension?

Wernicke's aphasia (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Wernicke's aphasia?

Partial paralysis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of paraphasia involves making a semantic error that is similar to the desired word?

Semantic paraphasia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of the speech of a person with Wernicke's aphasia?

Grammatical but nonsensical speech (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which area in the brain is primarily associated with Wernicke's aphasia?

Superior temporal cortex (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals with Wernicke's aphasia generally perceive their language difficulties?

No awareness of their difficulties (C) Signup and view all the answers

In which type of speech do individuals often use invented words or distortions of sounds?

Neologism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of communication preserved in individuals with Wernicke's aphasia?

Understanding of facial expressions (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tracts from nerves?

Tracts are found in the CNS, while nerves are found in the PNS. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which plane of view is best for visualizing different structures within the brain?

Coronal plane (C) Signup and view all the answers

In neuroanatomical terms, what direction does 'dorsal' refer to in relation to the spinal cord and brain?

Towards the back for spinal cord, towards the top for brain (B) Signup and view all the answers

What structures are contained within the telencephalon?

Cerebral cortex and limbic system (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct term for the mid sagittal view?

A slice right down the middle of the brain (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines anterior in relation to the brain and spinal cord?

Towards the front of both the brain and spinal cord (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the diencephalon?

Thalamus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the horizontal plane provide in terms of brain visualization?

Slices from various levels in brain orientation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical mechanism through which a haemorrhagic stroke might occur?

Rupturing of an aneurysm (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about an aneurysm is true?

An aneurysm can remain asymptomatic until it ruptures. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a buildup of clotted blood against the interior surface of a blood vessel?

Thrombus (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures is considered the best prognostic measure after brain injury?

Length of post-traumatic amnesia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a clinical neuropsychologist following a brain injury?

To assess long-term cognitive and behavioral symptoms (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the initial misconceptions regarding HM's anterograde amnesia?

It was believed to be due entirely to damage in the hippocampus. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hippocampus play in memory formation?

It aids in forming and reorganizing memories over time. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the delayed non-matching-to-sample task?

To test declarative memory capabilities. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of bilateral surgical removal of the perirhinal cortex?

Severe and permanent deficits in object recognition. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the effectiveness of synapses during long-term potentiation (LTP)?

It results in a stable and enduring increase in synaptic effectiveness. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of NMDA receptors involved in LTP?

They need postsynaptic depolarization to function effectively. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs during REM sleep compared to NREM sleep?

Increased blood pressure. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical pattern of EEG activity during REM sleep?

Similar to awake states. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during long-term potentiation in synaptic mechanisms?

A repeated pre-synaptic firing leads to a stronger post-synaptic response. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one function not associated with the amygdala regarding memory?

Influencing object recognition memory. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a task measuring declarative memory in nonhuman species?

Delayed non-matching-to-sample task. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to heart rate during NREM sleep?

It slows from wakefulness. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary hypothesis in the mechanisms of learning and memory?

Both structural and physiological changes at synapses are crucial. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neuroanatomical Terms and Conventions

Tracts are bundles of axons in the CNS (white matter)
Nerves are bundles of axons in the PNS
Nuclei are groups of neuron cell bodies in the CNS (grey matter)
Ganglia are groups of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
Planes of view include sagittal, coronal, and horizontal

Planes of View

Horizontal plane: a slice parallel to the brain's normal orientation
Sagittal plane: a slice from the front of the forehead to the back; if it's through the middle, it's called the midsagittal view (provides the most visualization to whole brain structures), aka medial view.
Coronal plane (coronal = crown): a great view for visualizing different structures within the brain

Divisions of the Brain

Forebrain: subdivided into telencephalon and diencephalon
Telencephalon contains the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia
Diencephalon contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
Midbrain: contains superior and inferior colliculi
Hindbrain: contains the medulla, pons, cerebellum, and reticular formation

Development of the Nervous System

Ectoderm is the source of the nervous system
The ectoderm thickens to form a neural plate, then a neural groove
The neural groove edges fuse to form the neural tube
Neural crest cells develop into the PNS

Development of Neural Tube

The neural tube forms the CNS
Neural crests form the PNS
Embryonic vesicles develop into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

Functions of Hindbrain Regions

Medulla controls vital functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
Pons connects the brainstem with the cerebellum and is involved in alertness and consciousness
Cerebellum coordinates movement and balance

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Description

Test your understanding of neuroanatomical terms and conventions related to the central and peripheral nervous systems. This quiz covers various anatomical divisions of the brain and the different planes of view essential for brain imaging. Perfect for students of neuroscience or related fields.