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Questions and Answers
What characterizes ischemic stroke compared to hemorrhagic stroke?
What characterizes ischemic stroke compared to hemorrhagic stroke?
What is classified as a stroke according to the duration of neurological deficits?
What is classified as a stroke according to the duration of neurological deficits?
Which factors are considered predictors of increased mortality in stroke patients?
Which factors are considered predictors of increased mortality in stroke patients?
In terms of long-term disability, which statement is correct?
In terms of long-term disability, which statement is correct?
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What is the primary distinction between hemiplegia and hemiparesis in stroke patients?
What is the primary distinction between hemiplegia and hemiparesis in stroke patients?
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Which condition is characterized by plaque formation leading to narrowing of blood vessels?
Which condition is characterized by plaque formation leading to narrowing of blood vessels?
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What leads to ischemia in cerebral arteries?
What leads to ischemia in cerebral arteries?
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Which type of stroke occurs as a result of bleeding into the brain tissue?
Which type of stroke occurs as a result of bleeding into the brain tissue?
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What is a common risk factor for both stroke and the development of atherosclerosis?
What is a common risk factor for both stroke and the development of atherosclerosis?
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Which of the following describes a cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Which of the following describes a cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
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Study Notes
Stroke Overview
- Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA): Sudden loss of neurological function due to disrupted blood flow to the brain.
- Ischemic Stroke: Most common type, accounting for about 80% of strokes; results from a clot blocking blood flow, leading to oxygen deprivation.
- Hemorrhagic Stroke: Caused by the rupture of blood vessels, leading to bleeding in or around the brain.
- Neurological deficits must last at least 24 hours to classify as a stroke.
Types of Motor Deficits
- Hemiplegia: Total paralysis often affecting one side of the body opposite the lesion.
- Hemiparesis: Weakness on one side of the body, also typically opposite the lesion.
- Severity of deficits depends on injury location, blood flow collateralization, and acute care received.
Recovery and Impairments
- Spontaneous recovery of impairments can occur within three weeks as brain swelling resolves.
- Residual impairments are defined as those lasting longer than three weeks, potentially leading to long-term disabilities.
Classification of Strokes
- Strokes are categorized by the etiology (thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage), vascular territory affected (e.g., anterior or middle cerebral artery syndrome), and management categories (transient ischemic attack, minor stroke, deteriorating stroke, young stroke).
Epidemiology and Etiology
- Fourth leading cause of death in the U.S.; prominent contributor to long-term disability in adults.
- Approximately 7 million Americans over the age of 20 have experienced a stroke.
- Women generally have a lower incidence than men, but risk increases for women over 85 years.
Mortality Rates
- Hemorrhagic strokes have higher mortality rates (37-38% at one month) compared to ischemic strokes (8-12% at one month).
- Factors such as age, hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes significantly reduce survival rates.
Atherosclerosis
- Major contributor to cerebrovascular disease; characterized by plaque formation in arteries.
- Common lesion sites include bifurcations of major vessels, particularly at the carotid and middle cerebral arteries.
Ischemic Stroke Mechanisms
- Thrombus: Blood clot forms within cerebral arteries, leading to tissue death (a.k.a. atherothrombotic brain infarction).
- Embolus: Material formed elsewhere (e.g., blood clot or plaque) travels to cerebral arteries, causing vascular blockages.
Hemorrhagic Stroke Types
- Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding occurs directly into the brain due to vessel rupture.
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, commonly from saccular aneurysms primarily affecting large vessels.
- Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM): Congenital defect involving tangled arteries and veins which can lead to stroke.
Risk Factors and Prevention
- Common risk factors for both stroke and cardiovascular diseases include hypertension, heart disease, arrhythmias, and diabetes.
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Description
This quiz explores the key aspects of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), focusing on ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Learn about the mechanisms, causes, and neurological effects of stroke. Test your knowledge on stroke's impact on brain function and patient care.
