Neuro Assessment and Neurotransmitters
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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the pupil of the eye?

  • No change
  • Constricted
  • Dilated (correct)
  • Variable response

    • How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the peristaltic movements of the digestive tube?

  • Decreased
  • No effect
  • Variable effect
  • Increased (correct)

    • Which change is most typical in the aging nervous system related to motor skills?

  • Increased muscle mass
  • Enhanced reflexes
  • Improved balance
  • Flexed posture and shuffling gait (correct)

    • What is the primary effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the blood pressure?

    <p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may indicate a reduction in pupillary response due to aging?

    <p>Presence of cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does aging have on the sensory system related to taste and smell?

    <p>Altered olfactory sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating the urinary bladder?

    <p>Relaxes during parasympathetic activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In assessing the gag reflex, what neurological action is primarily involved?

    <p>Vagal nerve stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the pupillary reflex test during an assessment?

    <p>III - Oculomotor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common dysfunction associated with the Olfactory cranial nerve?

    <p>Inability to identify familiar odors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aging on sensory functions within the nervous system?

    <p>Decreased reaction time to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a cranial nerve assessment, what indicates a dysfunction of the Trochlear nerve?

    <p>Inability to look down and in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evaluation method can help assess the gag reflex effectively?

    <p>Lightly stimulating the back of the throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve functions both as a sensory and a motor nerve?

    <p>V - Trigeminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurs in the motor functions of the nervous system with aging?

    <p>Decreased fine motor skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assessed when evaluating the cranial nerves during a neurological examination?

    <p>Language understanding and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of progressive aging that may affect sensory functions?

    <p>Agnosia or inability to recognize objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflex is evaluated by touching the back of the pharynx?

    <p>Gag reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What rating on the five-point scale indicates no muscle movement?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale is used to grade deep tendon reflexes?

    <p>0-4 scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change in muscle strength is indicated by a rating of 4 on the strength scale?

    <p>Fair but not full strength against gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Babinski reflex determined during a sensory examination?

    <p>By stroking the lateral side of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a concern when assessing motor ability in aging individuals?

    <p>Reduced ability to perform skilled tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for assessing facial sensation and corneal reflex?

    <p>V - Trigeminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of dysfunction in the VII - Facial nerve?

    <p>Facial asymmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action would best assess the function of the IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve?

    <p>Ask the patient to say 'Ah'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily assessed by observing for tongue movement and atrophy?

    <p>XII - Hypoglossal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom would indicate a problem with the V - Trigeminal nerve?

    <p>Weakness of chewing muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the VIII - Acoustic nerve primarily assess?

    <p>Hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The X - Vagus nerve can be assessed by:

    <p>Voice quality during speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

    <p>Activities of internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for auditory processing and receptive speech?

    <p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acetylcholine in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Major excitatory transmitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is associated with controlling mood and sleep?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurological disorder is associated with a decrease in dopamine levels?

    <p>Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thalamus in the brain?

    <p>Relay station for all sensation except smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the brain is primarily involved in the analysis of sensory information such as pressure and pain?

    <p>Parietal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure transmits information from one side of the brain to the other?

    <p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is considered the major transmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the blood pressure?

    <p>Increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the peristaltic movements in the digestive system under the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>They are increased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging affect the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It shows signs of slowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the sympathetic nervous system on the respiratory rate?

    <p>Increases the respiratory rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle activity in the urinary bladder is influenced by the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Contraction of the muscle wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of saliva is secreted under the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Watery saliva.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the sweat glands?

    <p>Increased secretion of sweat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging impact sensory perception in individuals?

    <p>It leads to confusion and anxiety due to loss of senses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the cerebellum?

    <p>Controlling fine movement and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component directly surrounds and protects the spinal cord?

    <p>Vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?

    <p>I - Olfactory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the inability to identify smells?

    <p>Anosmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT one of the protective layers surrounding the brain?

    <p>Lateral ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of function does the oculomotor nerve control?

    <p>Motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve assessment checks for ability to look down and in?

    <p>IV - Trochlear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature characterizes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Clear and colorless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is the first cue to a change in neurologic function?

    <p>Change in LOC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term agnosia refer to?

    <p>Inability to recognize objects through the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rating indicates minimal contractile power in muscle strength assessment?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible interpretation for a deep tendon reflex graded as 4?

    <p>Increased reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve reflex tests involve tactile stimuli to the eye and pharynx?

    <p>Gag and corneal reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive Babinski reflex indicate in an adult?

    <p>Severe neurological impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a functional assessment of motor ability, which activity would be most appropriate to evaluate?

    <p>Brushing teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic evaluation is considered the test of choice for neurologic assessment?

    <p>CT scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters with their primary functions:

    <p>Acetylcholine = Major transmitter of the PNS Serotonin = Helps control mood and sleep Dopamine = Affects behavior and fine movement Norepinephrine = Major transmitter of the SNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the brain with their primary responsibilities:

    <p>Frontal lobe = Emotion and personality Parietal lobe = Primary sensory cortex Temporal lobe = Receptive speech Occipital lobe = Primary visual cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain structures with their functions:

    <p>Corpus callosum = Transmits information between brain hemispheres Thalamus = Relay station for sensation Hypothalamus = Regulates temperature and endocrine system Basal ganglia = Controls fine motor movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the neurotransmitter deficiencies with the associated neurological dysfunction:

    <p>Acetylcholine = Myasthenia gravis Serotonin = Depression Dopamine = Parkinson disease Norepinephrine = Rarely seen deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lobes of the brain with their functions:

    <p>Frontal lobe = Concentration and abstract thought Parietal lobe = Analyzes sensory information Temporal lobe = Responsible for long-term memory recall Occipital lobe = Visual reflexes and eye movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters with their effects:

    <p>Acetylcholine = Usually excitatory in PNS Dopamine = Usually inhibits behavior Serotonin = Inhibits pain pathways Norepinephrine = Affects mood and overall activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the neuron with their roles:

    <p>Dendrite = Receives electrochemical messages Axon = Carries impulses away from the cell body Cell body = Contains the nucleus and organelles Synapse = Communicates messages between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the areas of the brain with the specific types of functions they control:

    <p>Frontal lobe = Personality and judgement Parietal lobe = Orientation to space Temporal lobe = Auditory processing Occipital lobe = Visual processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerve with its associated function:

    <p>V - Trigeminal = Assess facial sensation and corneal reflex VI - Abducens = Moves the eye laterally VII - Facial = Symmetry of facial movement and taste VIII - Acoustic = Assess hearing and equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerve with its dysfunction symptoms:

    <p>V - Trigeminal = Absence of corneal reflex VII - Facial = Facial asymmetry and droop of mouth IX - Glossopharyngeal = Dysphagia and absence of gag reflex X - Vagus = Hoarse or nasal quality to voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerve with the assessment method:

    <p>XI - Spinal Accessory = Assess shoulder shrug and head turning XII - Hypoglossal = Inspect tongue movement and atrophy IX - Glossopharyngeal = Assess voice quality and gag reflex VIII - Acoustic = Rubbing fingers for hearing assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerve with its corresponding number:

    <p>I - Olfactory = Smell sensation II - Optic = Vision III - Oculomotor = Eye movement IV - Trochlear = Movement of superior oblique muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerve with its clinical finding:

    <p>VI - Abducens = Inability to look laterally VII - Facial = Decreased ability to taste IX - Glossopharyngeal = Quality of voice issues X - Vagus = Slurred speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerve to its main sensory component:

    <p>V - Trigeminal = Facial sensation VIII - Acoustic = Hearing perception VII - Facial = Taste sensation IX - Glossopharyngeal = Pharyngeal sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerve with its primary action:

    <p>XII - Hypoglossal = Tongue movement IX - Glossopharyngeal = Swallowing VII - Facial = Facial expressions X - Vagus = Gag reflex and voice quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the autonomic nervous system component with its function:

    <p>Sympathetic = Dilates pupils Parasympathetic = Constricts pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with the corresponding nervous system:

    <p>Parasympathetic = Constricted bronchioles Sympathetic = Dilated bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following body systems with their respective sympathetic nervous system effects:

    <p>Circulatory system = Increased blood pressure Respiratory system = Increased rate of breathing Digestive system = Decreased peristaltic movements Genitourinary system = Relaxed urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their parasympathetic effects:

    <p>Blood vessels in heart muscle = Constricted Sphincters of digestive tube = Relaxed Salivary glands = Thin, watery saliva Urinary bladder = Contracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sympathetic effects with their descriptions:

    <p>Blood vessels in skeletal muscle = Dilated Secretion of sweat = Increased Pilomotor muscles = Contracted Adrenal Medulla = Secretion of epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aging effects with their descriptions:

    <p>Brain weight = Decreased synapses Temperature regulation = Less efficient Pupillary responses = Reduced or absent Deep tendon reflexes = Decreased or absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nervous system components with their age-related changes:

    <p>Motor skills = Rigidity of movement Sensory system = Visual and hearing loss Taste and smell = Decreased activity of taste buds Tactile sensation = Dulling of sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following digestive system responses with their governing nervous system:

    <p>Peristaltic movements = Increased by parasympathetic Sphincters contractions = Contracted by sympathetic Saliva secretion = Thick saliva by sympathetic Glycogen conversion to glucose = Increased by sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects on the blood vessels with the respective nervous system:

    <p>Parasympathetic = Dilated in external genitalia Sympathetic = Dilated in heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerves with their primary type:

    <p>I - Olfactory = Sensory III - Oculomotor = Motor V - Trigeminal = Both VIII - Acoustic = Sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerves with their primary function:

    <p>II - Optic = Visual acuity IV - Trochlear = Eye movement down and in VII - Facial = Facial expressions X - Vagus = Autonomic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerves with their assessment techniques:

    <p>I - Olfactory = Identify odors II - Optic = Assess visual fields VI - Abducens = Observe eye movement XI - Spinal Accessory = Shoulder shrug resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerve to its dysfunction:

    <p>I - Olfactory = Anosmia III - Oculomotor = Ptosis V - Trigeminal = Loss of sensation in the face XII - Hypoglossal = Atrophy of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the structure with its protective role:

    <p>Skull = Bony protection Meninges = Membranous covering Cerebrospinal Fluid = Shock absorption Vertebral Column = Encloses spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of cranial nerves with their functions:

    <p>Sensory = I - Olfactory, II - Optic, VIII - Acoustic Motor = III - Oculomotor, IV - Trochlear, XI - Spinal Accessory Both = V - Trigeminal, VII - Facial, IX - Glossopharyngeal Autonomic = X - Vagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each cranial nerve with its mnemonic:

    <p>I - Olfactory = Only V - Trigeminal = Two VIII - Acoustic = Amazing X - Vagus = Victorious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cranial nerves with their primary functions:

    <p>I - Olfactory = Sense of smell II - Optic = Vision III - Oculomotor = Eye movement and pupil constriction VII - Facial = Facial expressions and taste sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sensory examinations with their descriptions:

    <p>Agnosia = Inability to recognize objects through senses Babinski reflex = Response of toes when the foot is stroked Corneal reflex = Blink response to light touch of the eye Gag reflex = Response when the back of the pharynx is stimulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscle strength ratings with their meanings:

    <p>5 = Normal muscle strength 3 = Sufficient strength to overcome gravity 1 = Minimal contractile power 0 = No movement observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reflex grading with their descriptions:

    <p>0 = No response 1+ = Diminished (hypoactive) 2+ = Normal 4+ = Hyperactive (Hyperreflexia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of a physical assessment with their focus area:

    <p>LOC = Consciousness level Mental Status = Appearance and behavior Motor ability = Skilled activity performance Language ability = Understanding and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to balance and coordination with their definitions:

    <p>Ataxia = Lack of muscle coordination Deep tendon reflexes = Involuntary muscle contractions Cranial nerves = Nerves that control sensory and motor functions Superficial reflexes = Responses to light stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurological examinations with their focus:

    <p>Mental status exam = Cognitive function evaluation Neurologic exam = Overall brain and nerve function assessment Physical assessment = Observation of body functions Sensory examination = Patient response to sensory stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurological conditions/tests to their associated descriptions:

    <p>CT scan = Diagnostic imaging of the brain Aphasia = Language comprehension difficulty Hyporeflexia = Diminished reflex response Hyperreflexia = Exaggerated reflex response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neuro Assessment

    • Basic functional unit of the brain is the neuron
    • Neuron is composed of a cell body, dendrite, and axon
    • Dendrite receives electrochemical messages
    • Axon carries impulses away from the cell body
    • Neurotransmitters communicate between neurons or from a neuron to a specific target tissue
    • Neurotransmitters are responsible for brain activity
    • Imbalances or deficiencies in neurotransmitters can cause neurological dysfunction

    Neurotransmitters

    • Acetylcholine:
      • Major transmitter in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
      • Found in many brain areas and the autonomic nervous system
      • Usually excitatory; sometimes inhibitory (e.g., heart stimulation by the vagal nerve)
      • Deficiency can lead to myasthenia gravis
    • Serotonin:
      • Located in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and spinal cord
      • Inhibitory neurotransmitter
      • Helps control mood, sleep, and inhibits pain pathways
      • Deficiency can lead to depression
    • Dopamine:
      • Found in the substantia nigra and basal ganglia
      • Usually inhibitory; affects behavior, emotions, and fine motor movement
      • Deficiency can lead to Parkinson's disease
    • Norepinephrine:
      • Major transmitter in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
      • Located in the brainstem and hypothalamus
      • Usually excitatory; affects mood and overall activity
      • Rare cases of deficiency

    Cerebrum

    • Frontal Lobe:
      • Involved in concentration, abstract thought, information storage, memory, motor function, affect, judgment, personality, emotions, and attitudes
      • Contains Broca's and Wernicke's areas
    • Parietal Lobe:
      • Primary sensory cortex, analyzing sensory information like pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature
      • Essential for spatial orientation
    • Temporal Lobe:
      • Contains auditory receptive areas, responsible for receptive speech, hand dominance, and long-term memory recall in most people
    • Occipital Lobe:
      • Primary visual cortex
      • Responsible for visual reflexes and some involuntary eye movements

    Brain Protection

    • Skull
    • Meninges (dura, arachnoid, and pia matter)
    • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): clear, colorless fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord

    Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column

    • Spinal cord connects the brain and periphery
    • Vertebral column protects the spinal cord (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx)

    Cranial Nerves

    • Olfactory (I), Optic (II), Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Trigeminal (V), Abducens (VI), Facial (VII), Acoustic (VIII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Spinal Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal (XII)

    Cranial Nerve Function Summary (partial)

    • Olfactory: Sense of smell
    • Optic: Vision
    • Oculomotor: Eye movement, pupil constriction

    Brain Tumors (partial)

    • Primary Brain Tumors:
      • Localized (begin within the brain)
      • Can be benign (slow-growing) or malignant (fast-growing)
      • May spread to surrounding tissues
    • Glioma: arise from brain tissue
    • Meningioma: arise from the protective coverings of the brain
    • Acoustic Neuroma: benign tumor of the 8th cranial nerve

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of neuro assessment and the role of neurotransmitters in brain function. This quiz covers the structure of neurons, their communication mechanisms, and the impact of neurotransmitter imbalances on neurological health. Test your understanding of key neurotransmitters and their functions in the nervous system.

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