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Paraxial mesoderm patterns into somites through a process of mesenchymal to epithelial transition.
Paraxial mesoderm patterns into somites through a process of mesenchymal to epithelial transition.
True
One somite forms every 2.2 hours during somitogenesis in zebrafish.
One somite forms every 2.2 hours during somitogenesis in zebrafish.
True
The notochord primarily develops from lateral plate mesoderm in the amniote embryo.
The notochord primarily develops from lateral plate mesoderm in the amniote embryo.
False
Noggin and Chordin are expressed in cells that interact with intermediate mesoderm.
Noggin and Chordin are expressed in cells that interact with intermediate mesoderm.
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The Hairy gene is an essential gene in the Delta-Notch pathway.
The Hairy gene is an essential gene in the Delta-Notch pathway.
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Lateral plate mesoderm can be re-specified into paraxial mesoderm.
Lateral plate mesoderm can be re-specified into paraxial mesoderm.
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Mesp is the only gene required for somite formation.
Mesp is the only gene required for somite formation.
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Somites originate from the intermediate mesoderm in the amniote embryo.
Somites originate from the intermediate mesoderm in the amniote embryo.
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The oscillating waves of gene expression directly correlate with somite formation.
The oscillating waves of gene expression directly correlate with somite formation.
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Somitogenesis involves the transcription factor Mesp operating in a non-cell-autonomous manner.
Somitogenesis involves the transcription factor Mesp operating in a non-cell-autonomous manner.
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NMPs contribute to the formation of both the neural tube and paraxial mesoderm.
NMPs contribute to the formation of both the neural tube and paraxial mesoderm.
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Eph-Ephrin signaling does not play a role in epithelialization during somite boundary formation.
Eph-Ephrin signaling does not play a role in epithelialization during somite boundary formation.
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Somites form at the junction of retinoic acid and FGF domains.
Somites form at the junction of retinoic acid and FGF domains.
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Fgf8 mRNA is expressed in all cells throughout the developing organism.
Fgf8 mRNA is expressed in all cells throughout the developing organism.
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The Mesp gene initiates Morphogenetic Epithelial Transition (MET).
The Mesp gene initiates Morphogenetic Epithelial Transition (MET).
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Raldh2 mRNA is found distributed across multiple cell types in the developing tissue.
Raldh2 mRNA is found distributed across multiple cell types in the developing tissue.
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Fgf8 protein is considered to be cell autonomous.
Fgf8 protein is considered to be cell autonomous.
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Ephrin and its receptor can potentially serve as a fissure site for somite formation.
Ephrin and its receptor can potentially serve as a fissure site for somite formation.
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Study Notes
Neural Tube and Somites
- Scanning electron microscopy shows the neural tube and somites.
- Paraxial notochord is a structure visible in the image.
- Somites are groups of cells.
Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition (MET)
- Images show cells transition from mesenchymal to epithelial form.
Somites (Part 1)
- Images show paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, notochord, and BMP.
- Pax2 is a marker for intermediate mesoderm.
- Chordin is a marker for the notochord.
- BMP is a signal for development.
Major Lineages of Mesoderm
- Amniote embryo mesoderm develops into various tissues.
- Intermediate mesoderm forms the kidney and gonads.
- Lateral plate mesoderm forms body cavity, limb, pelvis, and extraembryonic bones.
- Paraxial mesoderm forms the head, somites, and splanchnic tissues.
Somites (Part 2)
- Noggin/Chordin-expressing cells can specify lateral plate mesoderm into paraxial mesoderm.
- This process results in the formation of somites from paraxial mesoderm.
- Cells transition forming somites in images with a specific pattern.
Antagonistic Signals
- Signals along the anterior-posterior axis influence neuromesodermal progenitors during paraxial mesoderm development.
- Signals include Retinoic acid, and FGF.
Eph-Ephrin Signaling
- Eph-Ephrin signaling influences epithelialization during somite boundary formation.
- Ephrin-B2 and Eph-A4 interact in the process of cell signaling.
Somite Formation
- Ephrin and its receptor form a fissure which may be involved in somite formation.
- Somite number increases over time.
- Somites form at the intersection of retinoic acid (anterior) and FGF (posterior) domains.
- Fgf8 mRNA is located in cells that transcribed the Fgf8 gene.
- Raldh2 mRNA is located in cells that transcribed the Raldh2 gene.
- Mesp mRNA is located in cells that transcribed the Mesp gene.
Somitogenesis in Zebrafish
- FGF/Wnt gradient and somitogenesis clock play a key role in somitogenesis and form an oscillatory pattern.
- Oscillatory waves of gene expression correlate with somitogenesis in zebrafish.
Somite Formation in Chicks
- Somite formation correlates with wavelike expression of the Hairy1 gene.
- Hairy is a target of the Delta-Notch pathway.
Clock-Wavefront Model
- A model describes how the "Clock-Wavefront" phenomenon potentially works, outlining gene expression in different time frames.
- Fgf8 and related genes induce a signal chain.
Regulatory Mechanisms of Somitogenesis
- Model shows regulatory mechanisms governing somitogenesis including segmentation clock, Hox, and specific signals.
Chick Embryo Sections
- Transverse sections through a chick embryo at 2,3 and 4 days show different developmental stages, anatomical features, and cellular structures, including somites, notochord, sclerotome, and myotome.
Interactions in Somitogenesis
- Model of major postulated interactions in patterning of somites shows detailed interactions between structures such as proliferating cells, neural tube, and more.
Scleraxis Induction
- Fgf8 induces scleraxis in chick sclerotome through signals involving Shh, Sox9, Sox5, and Sox6.
Gastrulation and Neurulation
- Stages of gastrulation and neurulation are illustrated in a model focusing on mesodermal components, including locations of various cells.
- Locations of various components of the embryo and examples of terminology and components are described.
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Description
This quiz covers critical concepts in embryonic development, focusing on the neural tube, somites, and the transition from mesenchymal to epithelial forms. It highlights important markers and structures associated with mesodermal differentiation, including key signaling pathways. Test your understanding of these foundational topics in developmental biology.
