Neural Representation and Cognition History Quiz

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What is cognitive neuroscience?

The study of the relationship between neural processes and cognition

Why did research on the mind experience a roller-coaster ride?

Influence of different psychological theories over time

How is information transmitted in the nervous system?

Through nerve impulses

What are neural networks and their role in cognition?

Interconnected neurons that process information and influence cognition Signup and view all the answers

Who used a staining technique involving silver nitrate to study brain tissue?

Camillo Golgi Signup and view all the answers

What did Ramon y Cajal use to study tissue from the brains of newborn animals?

Golgi stain Signup and view all the answers

What did Cajal's discovery of individual units called neurons form the basis of?

The neuron doctrine Signup and view all the answers

What do dendrites do in a neuron?

Receive signals from other neurons Signup and view all the answers

What did Cajal conclude about the connection between neurons?

There is a small gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron, called a synapse Signup and view all the answers

What do neurons form in the nervous system?

Neural circuits Signup and view all the answers

Apart from brain neurons, what else picks up information from the environment?

Receptors specialized in the eye, ear, and skin Signup and view all the answers

What did Cajal's ideas of individual neurons, synapses, and neural circuits contribute to?

Understanding how the nervous system operates Signup and view all the answers

What did Cajal's discoveries earn him?

The Nobel Prize in 1906 Signup and view all the answers

What was determined later, after Cajal described the structure of individual neurons and their relationships?

The nature of the signals transmitted by neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive neuroscience?

The study of the physiological basis of cognition Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'levels of analysis' involve?

Studying a topic in different ways to gain a comprehensive understanding Signup and view all the answers

What analogy is used to explain levels of analysis?

Studying an automobile at different levels of performance, mechanisms, and engine operation Signup and view all the answers

How is the concept of 'levels of analysis' applied to cognition?

Measuring behavior and studying the physiological processes behind it Signup and view all the answers

At what levels can the physiological study of cognition be conducted?

Ranging from the whole brain to structures within the brain to chemicals creating electrical signals Signup and view all the answers

What example is used to illustrate the behavioral description and the corresponding physiological processes?

Gil talking with Mary in the park Signup and view all the answers

What does the chapter emphasize about studying any phenomenon?

Studying at different levels of analysis for a full understanding Signup and view all the answers

What will the book describe research in cognition at?

Both behavioral and physiological levels Signup and view all the answers

What is considered in the description of physiology?

The basic building block of the nervous system, the neuron Signup and view all the answers

At what levels are the physiological processes involved in perception and memory described?

At different levels of analysis Signup and view all the answers

What do neurons within the brain do?

Create and transmit information about our experiences and knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What does understanding the physiological basis for perception, memory, and thought involve?

Observing the small units called neurons within the brain Signup and view all the answers

What did Sir Edgar Adrian's experiments reveal about the rate of nerve firing?

It increased with stimulus intensity Signup and view all the answers

What did Adrian's research lay the foundation for understanding?

How the magnitude and quality of experience are represented in neural firing Signup and view all the answers

What did Adrian rule out regarding action potentials for different qualities?

They might look different Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of neural representation state?

Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What did researchers in the 1960s begin focusing on recording from?

Single neurons in the primary visual receiving area Signup and view all the answers

What did research on single neurons in the brain find about stimuli and neural firing?

Specific stimuli cause neural firing distributed across many areas of the cortex Signup and view all the answers

What did researchers find about neurons at higher levels of the visual system?

They fire to complex stimuli like geometrical patterns and faces Signup and view all the answers

What do different qualities of stimuli and aspects of experience activate in the brain?

Different neurons and areas Signup and view all the answers

What did researchers find about cognition and neural representation across different domains?

Neural representation is a fundamental aspect of cognition Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the intensity of stimulation and the magnitude of an experience?

They are related, with intensity of stimulation related to magnitude of experience Signup and view all the answers

What did Adrian's work lead to the question of?

How the quality of experience is represented in neural firing Signup and view all the answers

What did researchers find about the firing of neurons in the primary visual receiving area?

It is not the sole creator of cognition Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

270 millivolts Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the neuron when the receptor is stimulated?

70 millivolts Signup and view all the answers

How long does the action potential, which transmits information throughout the nervous system, last?

1 millisecond Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the height and shape of action potentials as they travel down the axon?

They do not change Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when action potentials reach the synapse at the end of the axon?

A neurotransmitter is released Signup and view all the answers

What was crucial for making the extremely small electrical signals generated by neurons visible?

Development of electronic amplifiers Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge inside the axon when the receptor is stimulated?

140 millivolts Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the reference electrode in recording electrical signals from a single neuron?

Located at a distance from the neuron Signup and view all the answers

What did Edgar Adrian record in the 1920s using microelectrodes?

Electrical signals from single sensory neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge difference between the recording and reference electrodes displayed on the computer screen?

The difference in charge Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of the resting potential of a neuron compared to the outside?

70 mV more negative Signup and view all the answers

What is the space at the end of the axon where a neurotransmitter is released?

Synapse Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neural Representation and Cognition: A Historical Overview

Sir Edgar Adrian conducted experiments to relate nerve firing to stimuli in the environment and people’s experience.
Adrian found that the rate of nerve firing increased with stimulus intensity, indicating a connection between nerve firing and experience.
The intensity of stimulation is related to the magnitude of an experience, such as feeling pressure on the skin or experiencing the brightness of light.
Adrian's research laid the foundation for understanding how the magnitude and quality of experience are represented in neural firing.
Adrian's work led to the question of how the quality of experience is represented in neural firing, which was further investigated in subsequent research.
Adrian ruled out the possibility that action potentials for different qualities might look different, as he found that all action potentials have the same height and shape.
Different qualities of stimuli and aspects of experience activate different neurons and areas in the brain, indicating that different aspects of experience are represented in different areas of the brain.
The principle of neural representation states that everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system.
In the 1960s, researchers began focusing on recording from single neurons in the primary visual receiving area, leading to the question of what makes neurons fire.
Research on single neurons in the brain found that many neurons at higher levels of the visual system fire to complex stimuli like geometrical patterns and faces.
Specific stimuli cause neural firing distributed across many areas of the cortex, showing that cognition is not created only in the primary visual receiving area, but in many different areas of the brain.
Similar results were found for other cognitions beyond vision, indicating that neural representation is a fundamental aspect of cognition across different domains.

Recording Electrical Signals from Neurons

In the 1920s, Edgar Adrian recorded electrical signals from single sensory neurons using microelectrodes.
Modern physiologists use metal microelectrodes to record electrical signals from single neurons.
The setup for recording from a single neuron involves a recording electrode inside the neuron and a reference electrode located at a distance.
The difference in charge between the recording and reference electrodes is displayed on a computer screen.
The resting potential of a neuron is 270 millivolts, and it has a charge that is 70 mV more negative inside than outside.
When the neuron's receptor is stimulated, a nerve impulse is transmitted down the axon, causing the charge inside the axon to rise to 140 millivolts compared to the outside.
The action potential, which is the mechanism by which information is transmitted throughout the nervous system, lasts about 1 millisecond.
Action potentials are ideal for sending signals over a distance because they travel down the axon without changing their height or shape.
When action potentials reach the synapse at the end of the axon, a neurotransmitter is released, enabling the signal to be transmitted across the gap to another neuron.
Adrian's recording of electrical signals from single neurons led to other discoveries, including the finding that each action potential travels all the way down the axon without changing its height or shape.
The development of electronic amplifiers in the 1920s was crucial for making the extremely small electrical signals generated by neurons visible.
The synapse at the end of the axon is the space where a neurotransmitter is released, allowing the signal to be transmitted across the gap to another neuron.

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Neural Representation and Cognition History Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is cognitive neuroscience?

Why did research on the mind experience a roller-coaster ride?

How is information transmitted in the nervous system?

What are neural networks and their role in cognition?

Who used a staining technique involving silver nitrate to study brain tissue?

What did Ramon y Cajal use to study tissue from the brains of newborn animals?

What did Cajal's discovery of individual units called neurons form the basis of?

What do dendrites do in a neuron?

What did Cajal conclude about the connection between neurons?

What do neurons form in the nervous system?

Apart from brain neurons, what else picks up information from the environment?

What did Cajal's ideas of individual neurons, synapses, and neural circuits contribute to?

What did Cajal's discoveries earn him?

What was determined later, after Cajal described the structure of individual neurons and their relationships?

What is cognitive neuroscience?

What does the concept of 'levels of analysis' involve?

What analogy is used to explain levels of analysis?

How is the concept of 'levels of analysis' applied to cognition?

At what levels can the physiological study of cognition be conducted?

What example is used to illustrate the behavioral description and the corresponding physiological processes?

What does the chapter emphasize about studying any phenomenon?

What will the book describe research in cognition at?

What is considered in the description of physiology?

At what levels are the physiological processes involved in perception and memory described?

What do neurons within the brain do?

What does understanding the physiological basis for perception, memory, and thought involve?

What did Sir Edgar Adrian's experiments reveal about the rate of nerve firing?

What did Adrian's research lay the foundation for understanding?

What did Adrian rule out regarding action potentials for different qualities?

What does the principle of neural representation state?

What did researchers in the 1960s begin focusing on recording from?

What did research on single neurons in the brain find about stimuli and neural firing?

What did researchers find about neurons at higher levels of the visual system?

What do different qualities of stimuli and aspects of experience activate in the brain?

What did researchers find about cognition and neural representation across different domains?

What is the relationship between the intensity of stimulation and the magnitude of an experience?

What did Adrian's work lead to the question of?

What did researchers find about the firing of neurons in the primary visual receiving area?

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

What is the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the neuron when the receptor is stimulated?

How long does the action potential, which transmits information throughout the nervous system, last?

What happens to the height and shape of action potentials as they travel down the axon?

What occurs when action potentials reach the synapse at the end of the axon?

What was crucial for making the extremely small electrical signals generated by neurons visible?

What is the charge inside the axon when the receptor is stimulated?

What is the role of the reference electrode in recording electrical signals from a single neuron?

What did Edgar Adrian record in the 1920s using microelectrodes?

What is the charge difference between the recording and reference electrodes displayed on the computer screen?

What is the charge of the resting potential of a neuron compared to the outside?

What is the space at the end of the axon where a neurotransmitter is released?

Study Notes

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