Neural Networks and Hidden Layers
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Questions and Answers

Which layer in a neural network assigns a weight to each connection between neurons in the second layer and the neurons in the first layer?

  • Third layer
  • Second layer (correct)
  • First layer
  • Output layer

    • What is the purpose of adding a bias to the weighted sum in a neuron?

  • To determine the weight of the connections
  • To determine the size of the input layer
  • To determine the number of hidden layers
  • To determine the activation level of the neuron (correct)

    • Which layer in a neural network corresponds to subcomponents of the recognized digits?

  • First layer
  • Second layer
  • Third layer (correct)
  • Output layer

    • What is the purpose of the last (output) layer in a neural network?

    <p>To represent the recognized digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of backpropagation in learning neural networks?

    <p>To modify the weights of the connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal size of the hidden layer in a neural network?

    <p>The size of the input layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is it better to have more hidden layers in a neural network?

    <p>No, one hidden layer is sufficient most of the time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of sensation?

    <p>The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive stimulus energies from the environment and transduce them into neural impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem with the template matching model of object perception?

    <p>It cannot account for the complexity and flexibility of object recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem with the feature-analysis model of object perception?

    <p>It cannot explain the recognition of complex objects with moving and distorting features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the first step in the process of acquiring knowledge about the world?

    <p>Acquiring information about the world around us</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of perception?

    <p>The process of interpreting and organizing sensory information through use of previous knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what does the feature-analysis model of object perception propose?

    <p>Discrimination of objects is based on small number of characteristics of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what does the template matching model of object perception propose?

    <p>Object perception involves a comparison of the stimulus with a set of templates or specific patterns stored in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the Recognition-by-components model?

    <p>A model that views an object as an arrangement of simple 3-D shapes called geons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption can be made about a person from New England or California according to the text?

    <p>They have preconceived notions about others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the bias term in artificial neural networks (ANN)?

    <p>It determines the threshold necessary for activation of a neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a computer recognize a '9' using neural networks?

    <p>By representing the '9' using a grid of 28 x 28 pixels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the first (input) layer in a neural network?

    <p>It represents the grayscale values of pixels in an image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the view of mindfulness according to the text?

    <p>Seeing things directly without conceptual filters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the weights in artificial neural networks (ANN)?

    <p>They determine the overall behavior of the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the concept of overfitting in neural networks?

    <p>The network will learn the training data, but it won’t be able to generalize to new unseen data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario is an example of underfitting in a neural network?

    <p>The network fails to learn the trend in the data and cannot generalize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of increasing the number of hidden layers beyond the sufficient number in a neural network?

    <p>The network will overfit the training set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fitting a function to data in a neural network?

    <p>To accurately represent the data and generalize well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the appropriate complexity of a neural network model?

    <p>The model should be complex enough to accurately represent the data and generalize well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a neural network model fits the data but overfits to it?

    <p>The model learns the data too well and cannot generalize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when a neural network suffers from underfitting?

    <p>The network fails to learn the trend in the data and cannot generalize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a neural network that is not complex enough to represent the data?

    <p>The network will suffer from underfitting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a neural network that fits the data but fails to generalize to new data?

    <p>The network learns the data too well and cannot generalize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of processing emphasizes the importance of information coming from the outside world?

    <p>Bottom-up processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do our concepts, expectations, and beliefs play in perception?

    <p>They play a significant role in perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the combination of stimulus information from sensory receptors in object perception?

    <p>Bottom-up processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processing is guided by higher-level processes such as beliefs, expectations, and memories?

    <p>Top-down processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the effect of expectations on perception?

    <p>Perceptual set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of figures are examples of perceptual ambiguity?

    <p>Ambiguous figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of illusion occurs when a fearful face is misperceived as angry?

    <p>The hollow mask illusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Rosenhan study investigate?

    <p>Effects of psychological labeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where our beliefs and expectations influence others' behavior?

    <p>The Pygmalion effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for perceiving objects as unchanging, even as illumination and retinal images change?

    <p>Perceptual constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for perceiving the form of familiar objects as constant, even while our retinal images of them change?

    <p>Shape constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for perceiving an object as having a constant color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object?

    <p>Lightness constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the perception of the moon when it is near the horizon?

    <p>The moon appears bigger because our minds make it look bigger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the human eye's ability to establish depth in the Salar de Uyuni?

    <p>It loses its ability completely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Salar de Uyuni?

    <p>The world's largest salt flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason our minds make the moon look bigger when it is near the horizon?

    <p>To compensate for its increased distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the human eye losing its ability to establish depth in the Salar de Uyuni?

    <p>The pictures become distorted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Magical Kingdom of Salt in the Salar de Uyuni?

    <p>To showcase bizarre pictures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of the moon when it is near the horizon compared to when it is high in the sky?

    <p>The moon appears the same size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the human eye losing its ability to establish depth in the Salar de Uyuni?

    <p>The pictures become bizarre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color is associated with sincerity?

    <p>White</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the failure to recognize particular people by their faces?

    <p>Prosopagnosia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of famous portrait paintings sampled from the last five centuries have an eye at or within 5% of the painting's exact centerline?

    <p>70-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Tanaka and Farah (1993), participants showed greater recall of parts of houses but whole faces. True or false?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of processing emphasizes the importance of information coming from the outside world?

    <p>Bottom-up processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the combination of stimulus information from sensory receptors in object perception?

    <p>Feature integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobes of the brain are usually damaged in patients with visual agnosia?

    <p>Occipital and temporal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the tendency to ignore or be unaware of information on one half of the visual field?

    <p>Visual neglect syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is associated with face recognition?

    <p>Fusiform face area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the inability to recognize or identify visual objects despite relatively good visual perception?

    <p>Visual agnosia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hemisphere of the brain is typically damaged in patients with visual neglect syndrome?

    <p>Right hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the tendency for patients with visual neglect syndrome to skew their markings to the right when asked to bisect a line?

    <p>Rightward bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome is characterized by the belief that family and/or friends are imposters?

    <p>Capgras syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vision loss is characterized by unexplained vision loss with no organic basis?

    <p>Functional blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pathway between the visual cortex and amygdala that regulates emotions?

    <p>Secondary pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where patients with blindsight can correctly guess the emotions expressed by people with angry or happy faces?

    <p>Emotional recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed explanation for patients who were instructed to relax and go with their gut instinct using a secondary pathway of visual perception?

    <p>Secondary pathway effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where rats quickly learn to fear a tone even though they cannot hear it?

    <p>Direct route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the difficulty in perceiving horizontal bars experienced by kittens reared in a cylinder with only vertical black and white stripes?

    <p>Critical period effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the difficulty in recognizing objects experienced by adults who were born blind and later gained vision through surgical interventions?

    <p>Object recognition difficulty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neural Networks

    • The first layer in a neural network assigns a weight to each connection between neurons in the second layer and the neurons in the first layer.
    • The purpose of adding a bias to the weighted sum in a neuron is to shift the activation function.
    • The output layer is responsible for making predictions or classifications.
    • The purpose of backpropagation is to learn neural networks by minimizing the error between predictions and actual outputs.

    Object Perception

    • The Recognition-by-components model proposes that objects are recognized by breaking them down into their component parts.
    • The template matching model proposes that objects are recognized by matching them to a stored template.
    • The feature-analysis model proposes that objects are recognized by extracting and analyzing their features.
    • The main problem with the template matching model is that it requires a large number of templates to be stored.
    • The main problem with the feature-analysis model is that it can be computationally intensive.

    Perception

    • The process of perception involves the interpretation of sensory information.
    • Top-down processing emphasizes the importance of information coming from the outside world.
    • Bottom-up processing is guided by higher-level processes such as beliefs, expectations, and memories.
    • The term used to describe the combination of stimulus information from sensory receptors in object perception is data-driven processing.
    • The term used to describe the effect of expectations on perception is top-down processing.

    Attention and Bias

    • The bias term in artificial neural networks (ANN) shifts the activation function.
    • The purpose of the weights in ANN is to assign importance to each connection.
    • Overfitting occurs when a neural network model fits the training data but fails to generalize to new data.
    • Underfitting occurs when a neural network model is not complex enough to represent the data.

    Cognitive Psychology

    • The Salar de Uyuni is a region in Bolivia where the human eye loses its ability to establish depth.
    • The consequence of the human eye losing its ability to establish depth in the Salar de Uyuni is that the moon appears larger when it is near the horizon.
    • The term for the failure to recognize particular people by their faces is prosopagnosia.
    • The term for the inability to recognize or identify visual objects despite relatively good visual perception is visual agnosia.

    Brain and Vision

    • The lateral occipital lobe is associated with object recognition.
    • The fusiform gyrus is associated with face recognition.
    • The term for the tendency to ignore or be unaware of information on one half of the visual field is visual neglect.
    • The term for the phenomenon where patients with blindsight can correctly guess the emotions expressed by people with angry or happy faces is unconscious vision.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on neural networks and their analogies to biological networks of neurons. Learn about the concept of hidden layers and how weights are assigned to connections between neurons.

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