Neural Development and Neuroplasticity Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the two processes involved in the formation of the nervous system?

Axon pathway formation and synaptic connections

Gastrulation and neurulation (correct)

Migration of neurons and generation of major brain regions

Neurogenesis and cell migration

Which cells differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia?

Notochord cells

Ectoderm cells

Neuroectoderm cells

Precursor cells (stem cells) (correct)

What is the function of the notochord in neurulation?

Generating layers of cells

Migrating neurons to final positions

Giving rise to the entire nervous system

Defining the ultimate axes of development (correct)

During which stage of neural development does proliferation of neural cells occur?

Neurogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which structure plays a role in motor learning and goal-directed behavior through the basal ganglia, mediated by dopamine?

Cerebral hemispheres Signup and view all the answers

What is the major output pathway for voluntary movement?

Motor cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for subconscious planning and organization of movement?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What factors constrain movement, such as action, perception, and cognition?

Task and environment Signup and view all the answers

What is neuroplasticity?

Nervous system's ability to change or modify Signup and view all the answers

At what levels can neuroplasticity occur?

Genetic, cellular, and whole-brain Signup and view all the answers

What processes are involved in recovery from brain injury?

Denervation super-sensitivity, synaptic hyper-effectiveness, and regenerative synaptogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What involves changes in cortical maps and the development of new functions in response to sensory input and motor demands?

Functional reorganization at the network or systems level Signup and view all the answers

In healthy adults, when can cortical maps change?

In response to activity, behavior, or skill acquisition Signup and view all the answers

What nature of the nervous system leads to competition that determines the domination of neural borders and functional areas in the brain?

Demand-driven nature Signup and view all the answers

What are important factors in human growth and development?

Genetics and environment Signup and view all the answers

Which period includes significant stages of embryonic and fetal development?

Prenatal period Signup and view all the answers

What theory emphasizes the importance of forming emotional attachments to caregivers for survival?

Attachment theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a vital time for the development of sensorimotor, cognitive, communicative, and social-emotional behaviors?

Early childhood Signup and view all the answers

What period is characterized by rapid change in height, weight, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics?

Adolescence Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence attachment security?

Opportunity for attachment, quality of caregiving, and infant characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to neurobiological changes, altered neural systems, and sensitization to stress?

Trauma and adverse childhood experiences Signup and view all the answers

What determines motor behavior?

Physical size, neurological and physiological functioning, information processing abilities, and self-organizing properties Signup and view all the answers

What are the distinct periods of human development?

Prenatal, infancy, early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and older age Signup and view all the answers

What influences human development?

Heredity, environment, and task Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of attachment according to attachment theory?

Pre-attachment, attachment in the making, clear-cut attachment, and the formation of a reciprocal relationship Signup and view all the answers

What theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive development?

Cognitive theory Signup and view all the answers

Which process can lead to congenital conditions such as spina bifida and anencephaly?

Neural induction Signup and view all the answers

What plays a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets?

Growth cones Signup and view all the answers

What determines the establishment and modification of neural circuits?

Neurotrophic influences Signup and view all the answers

When does myelination increase into the late teens and early twenties?

Late teens and early twenties Signup and view all the answers

What continues to improve into the early 30s?

The brain's efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at puberty in relation to changes in white matter and synaptic pruning?

Changes in white matter and synaptic pruning Signup and view all the answers

What does the cerebellum compare intended output with to adjust and update movement commands?

Sensory signals Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in fine-tuning and planning movements?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for integrating signals to determine axon pathways and synaptogenesis?

Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is disrupted in disruptions in neural induction, neurogenesis, and neuronal diversity?

Neural cell differentiation Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to congenital conditions such as fetal alcohol syndrome and hydrocephalus?

Disruptions in neurogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What underpins variations in personality, ability, and behavior?

Modifications in neural circuits Signup and view all the answers

What principle states that failure to use neural networks can lead to degradation of functions and learned non-use, requiring environments to be set up for increased engagement and stimulation?

Use it to improve it principle Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is critical for inducing plasticity according to the text?

Repetition Signup and view all the answers

What does neuroplasticity involve?

Use of redundant and uncrossed pathways to swap functions Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective is important for understanding human development?

Developmental system perspective Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurogenesis in human adults according to the text?

It is unknown for reparative processes in other brain regions Signup and view all the answers

What principle emphasizes that the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity?

Specificity principle Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills?

Age Signup and view all the answers

What concept involves changes in quantity and body size, impacting developmental motor control?

Growth Signup and view all the answers

What is important for understanding human development according to the text?

Developmental system perspectives Signup and view all the answers

What can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and be transferred across generations?

Epigenetics Signup and view all the answers

What plays a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets?

Neuroplasticity Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills?

Age Signup and view all the answers

What principle emphasizes the importance of training or usage in maintaining networks and connections, driving alternate processes and protecting plasticity?

Use it to improve it principle Signup and view all the answers

What plays a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets?

Growth factors Signup and view all the answers

What can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and be transferred across generations?

Epigenetics Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills?

Repetition, intensity, timing, and salience Signup and view all the answers

What involves changing relations between the developing person and multi-level environmental contexts?

Human development Signup and view all the answers

What principle emphasizes that the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity?

Specificity principle Signup and view all the answers

What determines the establishment and modification of neural circuits?

Neuroplasticity Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills according to the text?

Repetition Signup and view all the answers

At what levels can neuroplasticity occur?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of neural development does proliferation of neural cells occur?

Embryonic stage Signup and view all the answers

What continues to improve into the early 30s?

Myelination Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for integrating signals to determine axon pathways and synaptogenesis?

Neurotrophic factors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neural Development and Modification of Neural Circuits

Full cell differentiation occurs relative to region and gene expression, along with extensive growth of axons, dendrites, and synapses
Disruptions in neural induction, neurogenesis, and neuronal diversity can lead to congenital conditions such as spina bifida, anencephaly, fetal alcohol syndrome, and hydrocephalus
The construction of neural circuits involves a network of systems, with neurons integrating signals to determine axon pathways and synaptogenesis
Growth cones play a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets via signaling mechanisms
Neurotrophic influences determine the establishment and modification of neural circuits
Modifications in neural circuits occur as a result of experience and underpin variations in personality, ability, and behavior
Critical periods exist for activity-mediated influence, with neurotransmitter activity and receptor sensitivity playing crucial roles
Myelination increases into the late teens and early twenties, partly explaining behavioral stereotypes
The brain's efficiency continues to improve into the early 30s, with changes in white matter and synaptic pruning occurring at puberty
There is a linear increase in white matter and a non-linear decrease in gray matter from adolescence to early adulthood
Motor control involves segmental, brainstem, and cerebellar levels, with the cerebellum playing a crucial role in fine-tuning and planning movements
The cerebellum compares intended output with sensory signals to adjust and update movement commands, essential for coordinated movement

Neuroplasticity and Human Development

Neuroplasticity involves the use of redundant and uncrossed pathways in the brain to swap functions and activate secondary areas.
Human adults may experience neurogenesis in the olfactory bulbs and hippocampus, but its usefulness for reparative processes in other brain regions is unknown.
"Use it or lose it" principle: failure to use neural networks can lead to degradation of functions and learned non-use, requiring environments to be set up for increased engagement and stimulation.
"Use it to improve it" principle: training or usage can maintain networks and connections, driving alternate processes and protecting plasticity.
Synaptic connections strengthen via long term potentiation with cooperativity, associativity, and specificity conditions.
Specificity principle: the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity, and mere use is not enough.
Repetition, intensity, timing, and salience all matter in inducing plasticity, and early intervention is critical.
Age, transference, and interference all play roles in inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills.
Human development involves changing relations between the developing person and multi-level environmental contexts.
Developmental system perspectives and the lifespan perspective are important for understanding human development.
Epigenetics can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and changes in gene expression can be transferred across generations.
Growth involves changes in quantity and body size, with body proportions varying with age and impacting developmental motor control.

Neuroplasticity and Human Development

Neuroplasticity involves the use of redundant and uncrossed pathways in the brain to swap functions and activate secondary areas.
Human adults may experience neurogenesis in the olfactory bulbs and hippocampus, but its usefulness for reparative processes in other brain regions is unknown.
"Use it or lose it" principle: failure to use neural networks can lead to degradation of functions and learned non-use, requiring environments to be set up for increased engagement and stimulation.
"Use it to improve it" principle: training or usage can maintain networks and connections, driving alternate processes and protecting plasticity.
Synaptic connections strengthen via long term potentiation with cooperativity, associativity, and specificity conditions.
Specificity principle: the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity, and mere use is not enough.
Repetition, intensity, timing, and salience all matter in inducing plasticity, and early intervention is critical.
Age, transference, and interference all play roles in inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills.
Human development involves changing relations between the developing person and multi-level environmental contexts.
Developmental system perspectives and the lifespan perspective are important for understanding human development.
Epigenetics can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and changes in gene expression can be transferred across generations.
Growth involves changes in quantity and body size, with body proportions varying with age and impacting developmental motor control.

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Description

Test your knowledge of neural development and neuroplasticity with this quiz. Explore topics such as cell differentiation, neural circuits, neurotrophic influences, critical periods, motor control, and the principles of neuroplasticity and human development. Gain a deeper understanding of how the brain grows, adapts, and changes throughout life.

Neural Development and Neuroplasticity Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the two processes involved in the formation of the nervous system?

Which cells differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia?

What is the function of the notochord in neurulation?

During which stage of neural development does proliferation of neural cells occur?

Which structure plays a role in motor learning and goal-directed behavior through the basal ganglia, mediated by dopamine?

What is the major output pathway for voluntary movement?

Which part of the brain is responsible for subconscious planning and organization of movement?

What factors constrain movement, such as action, perception, and cognition?

What is neuroplasticity?

At what levels can neuroplasticity occur?

What processes are involved in recovery from brain injury?

What involves changes in cortical maps and the development of new functions in response to sensory input and motor demands?

In healthy adults, when can cortical maps change?

What nature of the nervous system leads to competition that determines the domination of neural borders and functional areas in the brain?

What are important factors in human growth and development?

Which period includes significant stages of embryonic and fetal development?

What theory emphasizes the importance of forming emotional attachments to caregivers for survival?

What is a vital time for the development of sensorimotor, cognitive, communicative, and social-emotional behaviors?

What period is characterized by rapid change in height, weight, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics?

What factors influence attachment security?

What can lead to neurobiological changes, altered neural systems, and sensitization to stress?

What determines motor behavior?

What are the distinct periods of human development?

What influences human development?

What are the phases of attachment according to attachment theory?

What theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive development?

Which process can lead to congenital conditions such as spina bifida and anencephaly?

What plays a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets?

What determines the establishment and modification of neural circuits?

When does myelination increase into the late teens and early twenties?

What continues to improve into the early 30s?

What occurs at puberty in relation to changes in white matter and synaptic pruning?

What does the cerebellum compare intended output with to adjust and update movement commands?

Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in fine-tuning and planning movements?

What is responsible for integrating signals to determine axon pathways and synaptogenesis?

What is disrupted in disruptions in neural induction, neurogenesis, and neuronal diversity?

What can lead to congenital conditions such as fetal alcohol syndrome and hydrocephalus?

What underpins variations in personality, ability, and behavior?

What principle states that failure to use neural networks can lead to degradation of functions and learned non-use, requiring environments to be set up for increased engagement and stimulation?

Which factor is critical for inducing plasticity according to the text?

What does neuroplasticity involve?

Which perspective is important for understanding human development?

What is the role of neurogenesis in human adults according to the text?

What principle emphasizes that the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity?

What is emphasized as critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills?

What concept involves changes in quantity and body size, impacting developmental motor control?

What is important for understanding human development according to the text?

What can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and be transferred across generations?

What plays a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets?

What is emphasized as critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills?

What principle emphasizes the importance of training or usage in maintaining networks and connections, driving alternate processes and protecting plasticity?

What plays a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets?

What can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and be transferred across generations?

What is emphasized as critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills?

What involves changing relations between the developing person and multi-level environmental contexts?

What principle emphasizes that the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity?

What determines the establishment and modification of neural circuits?

Which factor is critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills according to the text?

At what levels can neuroplasticity occur?

During which stage of neural development does proliferation of neural cells occur?

What continues to improve into the early 30s?

What is responsible for integrating signals to determine axon pathways and synaptogenesis?

Study Notes

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