Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two processes involved in the formation of the nervous system?
What are the two processes involved in the formation of the nervous system?
Which cells differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia?
Which cells differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia?
What is the function of the notochord in neurulation?
What is the function of the notochord in neurulation?
During which stage of neural development does proliferation of neural cells occur?
During which stage of neural development does proliferation of neural cells occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure plays a role in motor learning and goal-directed behavior through the basal ganglia, mediated by dopamine?
Which structure plays a role in motor learning and goal-directed behavior through the basal ganglia, mediated by dopamine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the major output pathway for voluntary movement?
What is the major output pathway for voluntary movement?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the brain is responsible for subconscious planning and organization of movement?
Which part of the brain is responsible for subconscious planning and organization of movement?
Signup and view all the answers
What factors constrain movement, such as action, perception, and cognition?
What factors constrain movement, such as action, perception, and cognition?
Signup and view all the answers
What is neuroplasticity?
What is neuroplasticity?
Signup and view all the answers
At what levels can neuroplasticity occur?
At what levels can neuroplasticity occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What processes are involved in recovery from brain injury?
What processes are involved in recovery from brain injury?
Signup and view all the answers
What involves changes in cortical maps and the development of new functions in response to sensory input and motor demands?
What involves changes in cortical maps and the development of new functions in response to sensory input and motor demands?
Signup and view all the answers
In healthy adults, when can cortical maps change?
In healthy adults, when can cortical maps change?
Signup and view all the answers
What nature of the nervous system leads to competition that determines the domination of neural borders and functional areas in the brain?
What nature of the nervous system leads to competition that determines the domination of neural borders and functional areas in the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
What are important factors in human growth and development?
What are important factors in human growth and development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which period includes significant stages of embryonic and fetal development?
Which period includes significant stages of embryonic and fetal development?
Signup and view all the answers
What theory emphasizes the importance of forming emotional attachments to caregivers for survival?
What theory emphasizes the importance of forming emotional attachments to caregivers for survival?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a vital time for the development of sensorimotor, cognitive, communicative, and social-emotional behaviors?
What is a vital time for the development of sensorimotor, cognitive, communicative, and social-emotional behaviors?
Signup and view all the answers
What period is characterized by rapid change in height, weight, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics?
What period is characterized by rapid change in height, weight, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics?
Signup and view all the answers
What factors influence attachment security?
What factors influence attachment security?
Signup and view all the answers
What can lead to neurobiological changes, altered neural systems, and sensitization to stress?
What can lead to neurobiological changes, altered neural systems, and sensitization to stress?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines motor behavior?
What determines motor behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the distinct periods of human development?
What are the distinct periods of human development?
Signup and view all the answers
What influences human development?
What influences human development?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the phases of attachment according to attachment theory?
What are the phases of attachment according to attachment theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive development?
What theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process can lead to congenital conditions such as spina bifida and anencephaly?
Which process can lead to congenital conditions such as spina bifida and anencephaly?
Signup and view all the answers
What plays a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets?
What plays a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines the establishment and modification of neural circuits?
What determines the establishment and modification of neural circuits?
Signup and view all the answers
When does myelination increase into the late teens and early twenties?
When does myelination increase into the late teens and early twenties?
Signup and view all the answers
What continues to improve into the early 30s?
What continues to improve into the early 30s?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs at puberty in relation to changes in white matter and synaptic pruning?
What occurs at puberty in relation to changes in white matter and synaptic pruning?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the cerebellum compare intended output with to adjust and update movement commands?
What does the cerebellum compare intended output with to adjust and update movement commands?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in fine-tuning and planning movements?
Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in fine-tuning and planning movements?
Signup and view all the answers
What is responsible for integrating signals to determine axon pathways and synaptogenesis?
What is responsible for integrating signals to determine axon pathways and synaptogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is disrupted in disruptions in neural induction, neurogenesis, and neuronal diversity?
What is disrupted in disruptions in neural induction, neurogenesis, and neuronal diversity?
Signup and view all the answers
What can lead to congenital conditions such as fetal alcohol syndrome and hydrocephalus?
What can lead to congenital conditions such as fetal alcohol syndrome and hydrocephalus?
Signup and view all the answers
What underpins variations in personality, ability, and behavior?
What underpins variations in personality, ability, and behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What principle states that failure to use neural networks can lead to degradation of functions and learned non-use, requiring environments to be set up for increased engagement and stimulation?
What principle states that failure to use neural networks can lead to degradation of functions and learned non-use, requiring environments to be set up for increased engagement and stimulation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is critical for inducing plasticity according to the text?
Which factor is critical for inducing plasticity according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What does neuroplasticity involve?
What does neuroplasticity involve?
Signup and view all the answers
Which perspective is important for understanding human development?
Which perspective is important for understanding human development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of neurogenesis in human adults according to the text?
What is the role of neurogenesis in human adults according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What principle emphasizes that the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity?
What principle emphasizes that the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is emphasized as critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills?
What is emphasized as critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills?
Signup and view all the answers
What concept involves changes in quantity and body size, impacting developmental motor control?
What concept involves changes in quantity and body size, impacting developmental motor control?
Signup and view all the answers
What is important for understanding human development according to the text?
What is important for understanding human development according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and be transferred across generations?
What can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and be transferred across generations?
Signup and view all the answers
What plays a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets?
What plays a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets?
Signup and view all the answers
What is emphasized as critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills?
What is emphasized as critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills?
Signup and view all the answers
What principle emphasizes the importance of training or usage in maintaining networks and connections, driving alternate processes and protecting plasticity?
What principle emphasizes the importance of training or usage in maintaining networks and connections, driving alternate processes and protecting plasticity?
Signup and view all the answers
What plays a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets?
What plays a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets?
Signup and view all the answers
What can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and be transferred across generations?
What can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and be transferred across generations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is emphasized as critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills?
What is emphasized as critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills?
Signup and view all the answers
What involves changing relations between the developing person and multi-level environmental contexts?
What involves changing relations between the developing person and multi-level environmental contexts?
Signup and view all the answers
What principle emphasizes that the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity?
What principle emphasizes that the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines the establishment and modification of neural circuits?
What determines the establishment and modification of neural circuits?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills according to the text?
Which factor is critical for inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
At what levels can neuroplasticity occur?
At what levels can neuroplasticity occur?
Signup and view all the answers
During which stage of neural development does proliferation of neural cells occur?
During which stage of neural development does proliferation of neural cells occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What continues to improve into the early 30s?
What continues to improve into the early 30s?
Signup and view all the answers
What is responsible for integrating signals to determine axon pathways and synaptogenesis?
What is responsible for integrating signals to determine axon pathways and synaptogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Neural Development and Modification of Neural Circuits
- Full cell differentiation occurs relative to region and gene expression, along with extensive growth of axons, dendrites, and synapses
- Disruptions in neural induction, neurogenesis, and neuronal diversity can lead to congenital conditions such as spina bifida, anencephaly, fetal alcohol syndrome, and hydrocephalus
- The construction of neural circuits involves a network of systems, with neurons integrating signals to determine axon pathways and synaptogenesis
- Growth cones play a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets via signaling mechanisms
- Neurotrophic influences determine the establishment and modification of neural circuits
- Modifications in neural circuits occur as a result of experience and underpin variations in personality, ability, and behavior
- Critical periods exist for activity-mediated influence, with neurotransmitter activity and receptor sensitivity playing crucial roles
- Myelination increases into the late teens and early twenties, partly explaining behavioral stereotypes
- The brain's efficiency continues to improve into the early 30s, with changes in white matter and synaptic pruning occurring at puberty
- There is a linear increase in white matter and a non-linear decrease in gray matter from adolescence to early adulthood
- Motor control involves segmental, brainstem, and cerebellar levels, with the cerebellum playing a crucial role in fine-tuning and planning movements
- The cerebellum compares intended output with sensory signals to adjust and update movement commands, essential for coordinated movement
Neuroplasticity and Human Development
- Neuroplasticity involves the use of redundant and uncrossed pathways in the brain to swap functions and activate secondary areas.
- Human adults may experience neurogenesis in the olfactory bulbs and hippocampus, but its usefulness for reparative processes in other brain regions is unknown.
- "Use it or lose it" principle: failure to use neural networks can lead to degradation of functions and learned non-use, requiring environments to be set up for increased engagement and stimulation.
- "Use it to improve it" principle: training or usage can maintain networks and connections, driving alternate processes and protecting plasticity.
- Synaptic connections strengthen via long term potentiation with cooperativity, associativity, and specificity conditions.
- Specificity principle: the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity, and mere use is not enough.
- Repetition, intensity, timing, and salience all matter in inducing plasticity, and early intervention is critical.
- Age, transference, and interference all play roles in inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills.
- Human development involves changing relations between the developing person and multi-level environmental contexts.
- Developmental system perspectives and the lifespan perspective are important for understanding human development.
- Epigenetics can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and changes in gene expression can be transferred across generations.
- Growth involves changes in quantity and body size, with body proportions varying with age and impacting developmental motor control.
Neuroplasticity and Human Development
- Neuroplasticity involves the use of redundant and uncrossed pathways in the brain to swap functions and activate secondary areas.
- Human adults may experience neurogenesis in the olfactory bulbs and hippocampus, but its usefulness for reparative processes in other brain regions is unknown.
- "Use it or lose it" principle: failure to use neural networks can lead to degradation of functions and learned non-use, requiring environments to be set up for increased engagement and stimulation.
- "Use it to improve it" principle: training or usage can maintain networks and connections, driving alternate processes and protecting plasticity.
- Synaptic connections strengthen via long term potentiation with cooperativity, associativity, and specificity conditions.
- Specificity principle: the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity, and mere use is not enough.
- Repetition, intensity, timing, and salience all matter in inducing plasticity, and early intervention is critical.
- Age, transference, and interference all play roles in inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills.
- Human development involves changing relations between the developing person and multi-level environmental contexts.
- Developmental system perspectives and the lifespan perspective are important for understanding human development.
- Epigenetics can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and changes in gene expression can be transferred across generations.
- Growth involves changes in quantity and body size, with body proportions varying with age and impacting developmental motor control.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of neural development and neuroplasticity with this quiz. Explore topics such as cell differentiation, neural circuits, neurotrophic influences, critical periods, motor control, and the principles of neuroplasticity and human development. Gain a deeper understanding of how the brain grows, adapts, and changes throughout life.
