Neural Control and Coordination Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the neural system in coordination?

The neural system provides an organized network of point-to-point connections for quick coordination.

What is the role of the endocrine system in coordination?

The endocrine system provides chemical integration through hormones.

What are the two main parts of the human neural system?

  • Central neural system and Peripheral neural system (correct)
  • Somatic neural system and Autonomic neural system
  • Visceral nervous system and Central nervous system
  • Sympathetic neural system and Parasympathetic neural system

    • What are afferent nerve fibres, and what is their function?

    <p>They transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the central nervous system (CNS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>The somatic neural system and the autonomic neural system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>The sympathetic neural system and the parasympathetic neural system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major parts of a neuron?

    <p>Cell body, dendrites, and axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Nissl's granules, and where are they found?

    <p>Nissl's granules are granular bodies found in the cytoplasm of neurons, specifically within the cell body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>They transmit impulses towards the cell body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the axon in a neuron?

    <p>They transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body to a synapse or to a neuro-muscular junction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of neurons based on the number of axons and dendrites?

    <p>Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of axons?

    <p>Myelinated and non-myelinated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The membrane of a neuron is polarised when it is not conducting any impulse.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action potential, and what is its role in nerve impulse conduction?

    <p>Action potential refers to the temporary reversal of polarity across the membrane at a specific site. It is the fundamental unit of electrical signaling in neurons, propagating the nerve impulse along the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting potential?

    <p>It is the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane of a neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The impulse transmission across an electrical synapse is faster than across a chemical synapse.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the synaptic cleft?

    <p>It is a fluid-filled space that separates the membranes of the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons at a chemical synapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of synapses?

    <p>Electrical synapses and chemical synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters in chemical synapses?

    <p>Neurotransmitters are chemicals released by the pre-synaptic neuron, which diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, initiating a signal in that neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central information processing organ of the human body?

    <p>The brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major parts of the human brain?

    <p>The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cerebrum?

    <p>It forms the major part of the human brain and is responsible for higher-order functions like voluntary movements, balance, sensory perception, memory, reasoning, language, and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the corpus callosum?

    <p>It's a tract of nerve fibres that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cerebral cortex, and what is its function?

    <p>It is the outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere, responsible for higher cognitive processes such as sensory perception, motor control, and language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are association areas in the brain?

    <p>They are regions in the cerebral cortex that are neither clearly sensory nor motor in function, but are involved in complex functions like memory, learning, and problem solving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thalamus?

    <p>It serves as a major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling, relaying information to the cerebrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limbic system, and what is its function?

    <p>It is a complex structure involving the inner parts of the cerebral hemispheres and other associated structures, responsible for emotions, motivation, memory, and learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the midbrain?

    <p>It is involved in visual and auditory processing and integrates sensory information from the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pons, cerebellum, and medulla in the hindbrain?

    <p>The pons helps coordinate movement, the cerebellum maintains balance and coordination, and the medulla controls essential functions like respiration and heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brain stem, and what is its function?

    <p>It is a structure that connects the brain to the spinal cord, responsible for relaying sensory information and motor commands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neural Control and Coordination

    • The functions of organs/organ systems in the body must be coordinated to maintain homeostasis.
    • Coordination is when two or more organs interact and complement each other's functions.
    • Example: Physical exercise increases energy demand, requiring more oxygen. This necessitates increased respiration, heart rate, and blood flow.
    • The neural and endocrine systems coordinate and integrate all organ activities.
    • The neural system provides point-to-point connections for rapid coordination.
    • The endocrine system uses hormones to provide chemical integration.

    Neural System

    • The neural system in all animals is made up of specialized cells called neurons.
    • Neurons detect, receive, and transmit stimuli.
    • Neural organization is simple in lower invertebrates (e.g., Hydra).
    • Higher animals (e.g., vertebrates) have a more developed neural system with a more complex brain organization.

    Human Neural System

    • The human neural system is divided into two parts:
      • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord; responsible for information processing and control.
      • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All nerves connecting CNS to other tissues/organs; transmits impulses.
    • PNS fibres are of two types:
      • Afferent fibers: Transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the CNS.
      • Efferent fibers: Transmit regulatory impulses from CNS to tissues/organs.
    • The PNS is further divided into:
      • Somatic neural system: Relays impulses to skeletal muscles.
      • Autonomic neural system: Relays impulses to involuntary organs and smooth muscles.
        • Further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic neural systems.
    • Visceral nervous system: Part of the PNS; a complex of nerves, fibers, and ganglia that carry impulses between CNS and viscera.

    Neuron as a Structural and Functional Unit

    • Neurons are microscopic structures with three major parts:
      • Cell body: Contains cytoplasm and organelles, including Nissl's granules.
      • Dendrites: Branching fibres that receive signals and transmit them towards the cell body.
      • Axon: Long fiber that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body, ending at synaptic knobs with synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters.
    • Myelinated axons are wrapped in a myelin sheath (Schwann cells), with gaps called Nodes of Ranvier.
    • Non-myelinated axons are encased in Schwann cells but without the myelin sheath.

    Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse

    • Neurons are excitable cells because their membranes are polarized (different ion concentrations inside and outside).
    • When a neuron is resting, it is more permeable to K+ and less permeable to Na+; the outside of the membrane has a positive charge relative to the inside.
    • Applying a stimulus can change the permeability, leading to an influx of Na+, the inside becomes positive and changes the polarity. This is called depolarization. Repolarization follows and restores the original polarity.
    • The sequence of depolarization and repolarization along the axon is called an action potential, which is conducted as a nerve impulse.

    Synaptic Transmission

    • At chemical synapses, the membranes of pre- and post-synaptic neurons are separated by a gap (synaptic cleft).
    • Impulses are transmitted by chemicals called neurotransmitters.
    • When an impulse reaches an axon terminal, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, binding to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, triggering another impulse.

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    Neural Control and Coordination PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of the neural and endocrine systems' roles in coordinating organ functions and maintaining homeostasis. This quiz covers the basics of the human neural system, including neuron function and neural organization in various animals.

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