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Questions and Answers
Which neurotransmitter binds to the ionotropic receptor resulting in ion channel opening for sodium and calcium?
Which neurotransmitter binds to the ionotropic receptor resulting in ion channel opening for sodium and calcium?
- GABA
- Glutamate (correct)
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
Which neurotransmitter is most important for inhibitory functions in the spinal cord?
Which neurotransmitter is most important for inhibitory functions in the spinal cord?
- Glutamate
- Dopamine
- Acetylcholine
- Glycine (correct)
Which neurotransmitter is associated with excitatory functions in the autonomic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with excitatory functions in the autonomic nervous system?
- Norepinephrine (correct)
- GABA
- Dopamine
- Epinephrine
Which neurotransmitter binds to the nicotinic receptor resulting in sodium channel opening?
Which neurotransmitter binds to the nicotinic receptor resulting in sodium channel opening?
Which neurotransmitter is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS?
Which neurotransmitter is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the neuromuscular junction and widely expressed throughout the brain as an excitatory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the neuromuscular junction and widely expressed throughout the brain as an excitatory neurotransmitter?
What determines the membrane potential of a cell?
What determines the membrane potential of a cell?
Why is the membrane potential of a neuron close to, but not the same, as the equilibrium (Nernst) potential for K+?
Why is the membrane potential of a neuron close to, but not the same, as the equilibrium (Nernst) potential for K+?
What can cause channels to open or close?
What can cause channels to open or close?
What is required for the production of an action potential?
What is required for the production of an action potential?
Where do action potentials occur?
Where do action potentials occur?
What is the threshold membrane potential for the opening of Na+ voltage-gated channels?
What is the threshold membrane potential for the opening of Na+ voltage-gated channels?
During the depolarization phase, what drives Na+ into the cell?
During the depolarization phase, what drives Na+ into the cell?
What happens during the absolute refractory period of the neuronal action potential?
What happens during the absolute refractory period of the neuronal action potential?
What determines the conduction velocity of action potentials along a fiber?
What determines the conduction velocity of action potentials along a fiber?
What type of channels are mainly involved in generating graded potentials?
What type of channels are mainly involved in generating graded potentials?
What is the main characteristic of the conduction of graded potentials?
What is the main characteristic of the conduction of graded potentials?
What determines the size of graded potentials?
What determines the size of graded potentials?
What is the role of EPSPs and IPSPs in the integration of graded potentials at the axon hillock?
What is the role of EPSPs and IPSPs in the integration of graded potentials at the axon hillock?
Where do action potentials mainly arise and propagate?
Where do action potentials mainly arise and propagate?
What is the main difference between the conduction of graded potentials and action potentials?
What is the main difference between the conduction of graded potentials and action potentials?
Which type of axons exhibit saltatory conduction?
Which type of axons exhibit saltatory conduction?
What is the speed of impulse conduction for C fibers?
What is the speed of impulse conduction for C fibers?
What is the role of v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs in vesicle release?
What is the role of v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs in vesicle release?
What mediates calcium entry for vesicle release in chemical synapses?
What mediates calcium entry for vesicle release in chemical synapses?
Both graded potentials and action potentials can summate
Both graded potentials and action potentials can summate
Both graded potentials and action potentials have refractory periods
Both graded potentials and action potentials have refractory periods
Graded potentials are longer in duration than Action potentials
Graded potentials are longer in duration than Action potentials
If graded potentials add up in a staircase fashion over time, they are known to participate in....
If graded potentials add up in a staircase fashion over time, they are known to participate in....
The whole point of the action potential is to open ____ voltage gated channels in the presynaptic terminal
The whole point of the action potential is to open ____ voltage gated channels in the presynaptic terminal
Which of the following prevents pre-mature release of the pre-synaptic vesicle?
Which of the following prevents pre-mature release of the pre-synaptic vesicle?
Syntaxin and SNAP-25 are examples of ______
Syntaxin and SNAP-25 are examples of ______
Which of the following is a v-SNARE?
Which of the following is a v-SNARE?
Synaptotagmin acts on which of the following proteins to release the vesicle?
Synaptotagmin acts on which of the following proteins to release the vesicle?
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that....
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that....
Botox treats migranes, wrinkles and muscle spasticity by impairing......
Botox treats migranes, wrinkles and muscle spasticity by impairing......
Graded potentials, like action potentials, always depolarize a neuron first
Graded potentials, like action potentials, always depolarize a neuron first
Graded potentials arise in:
Graded potentials arise in:
Study Notes
Neural Conduction and Chemical Synapse
- In non-myelinated axons, continuous conduction occurs as action potentials are reproduced along the length of the axon.
- Myelinated axons exhibit saltatory conduction, where the electrical field "jumps" from one node of Ranvier to the next, allowing for faster impulse transmission.
- A fibers are the largest, myelinated fibers conducting impulses at 12-130 m/sec, while C fibers are the smallest, non-myelinated fibers conducting impulses at 0.5-2 m/sec.
- Chemical synapses involve the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron, which then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane.
- Neurotransmitter vesicles are synthesized, packaged, and transported down the axon via microtubules to the presynaptic terminal.
- The basic steps of neurotransmitter release involve the arrival of an action potential, opening of voltage-gated calcium channels, calcium entry, and release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
- Calcium entry for vesicle release is mediated by the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels in the presynaptic terminal, not from intracellular store release.
- Vesicle release is regulated by v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs, which "zipper" together and disengage upon calcium binding, leading to the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse.
- The release of neurotransmitter from vesicles is quick, taking 1-5 msec post-action potential.
- Synaptic transmission is essential for communication between neurons and involves the precise release and binding of neurotransmitters.
- The speed of impulse conduction varies based on fiber size, myelination, and the type of impulse being conducted.
- The myelin insulation in myelinated axons allows for faster impulse transmission due to the jumping of the electrical field, compared to non-myelinated axons.
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Description
Test your knowledge of neural conduction and chemical synapse with this quiz. Explore topics such as continuous and saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter release, synaptic transmission, and the factors influencing impulse conduction speed.
