Networking Transmission Rate Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of packet is sent by a node to inform the source of congestion?

Backpressure packet

Congestion packet

Choke packet (correct)

Warning packet

Which protocol allows automatic address assignment within an organization?

DHCP (correct)

NAT

TCP

In a congested network, what does node I do if it receives a message from node II to slow down?

It slows down the data flow (correct)

It informs node III

It speeds up the data flow

It ignores the message

What is the purpose of applying backpressure in a network?

To alleviate congestion Signup and view all the answers

Which layer does DHCP operate at in the OSI model?

Application layer Signup and view all the answers

What does NAT enable a user to have internally?

A large set of internal addresses Signup and view all the answers

'Propagation delay' is associated with which aspect of data transmission?

Time taken for packets to travel through a network Signup and view all the answers

'Queuing delay' can be affected by which of the following factors?

'Throughput' Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the time it takes for packets to be transmitted over a link?

Transmission delay Signup and view all the answers

In a connectionless packet-switched network, how does the router route packets?

Using the source address of the packet Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the network layer in a connectionless service?

Delivering packets from the source to the destination Signup and view all the answers

How does the connection-oriented (virtual circuit) approach differ from the connectionless (datagram) approach?

It establishes a fixed path for all packets in a session Signup and view all the answers

What does a router do in a connectionless network?

Routes packets based on source and destination addresses Signup and view all the answers

How are packets handled in a connection-oriented network using virtual circuits?

All packets follow a predetermined path through the network Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of a virtual circuit in packet switching?

Fixed path determination for all packets in a session Signup and view all the answers

How do routers handle forwarding in a connectionless packet-switched network?

Only considering the destination address of the packet Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a virtual circuit from a datagram approach in packet switching?

'Fixed path' nature of virtual circuits Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Network Layer Performance

The performance of a network can be measured in terms of delay, throughput, and packet loss.
Congestion control is an issue that can improve the performance of a network.

Delay

Delay is the time a packet takes to travel from its source to its destination.
There are four types of delay:
- Transmission delay: the time a sender needs to put the bits in a packet on the transmission media one by one.
- Propagation delay: the time it takes for a bit to travel from point A to point B in the transmission media.
- Processing delay: the time required to process a packet in a router.
- Queuing delay: the time the packet waits in a router's queue.

Throughput

Throughput is the number of bits passing through a point in a network in a second.
Throughput is the transmission rate of data at a point in a network.
In a path with n links in series, the throughput is the minimum of the transmission rates of the individual links.

Packet Loss

Packet loss is the number of packets lost during transmission.
Packet loss can occur when a router receives a packet while processing another packet, and the received packet needs to be stored in the input buffer waiting for its turn.
When the input buffer is full, the next packet needs to be dropped, which can cause more packet loss.

Congestion Control

Congestion control is a mechanism for improving network performance.
Backpressure is a congestion control mechanism used in virtual-circuit networks.
In backpressure, a node informs its upstream node to slow down when it is congested.
A choke packet is a packet sent by a node to the source to inform it of congestion.

Packet Switching

Packet switching is a data communication switching technique used in the network layer.
There are two approaches to packet switching: datagram (connectionless) approach and virtual-circuit (connection-oriented) approach.

Datagram (Connectionless) Approach

In the datagram approach, the network layer treats each packet independently.
Packets in a message may or may not travel the same path to their destination.
The router only routes the packet based on the destination address.

Virtual-Circuit (Connection-Oriented) Approach

In the virtual-circuit approach, a virtual connection is set up to define the path for the packets.
The packets in a message follow the same path to their destination.
A virtual circuit identifier is used to define the virtual path the packet should follow.

Creating a Virtual-Circuit Connection

Three phases are used to create a virtual circuit connection: setup phase, data-transfer phase, and teardown phase.
In the setup phase, a request packet and an acknowledgment packet are exchanged between the source and the destination.
In the data-transfer phase, the packets in a message are sent one after another.
In the teardown phase, the source sends a teardown packet, and the destination responds with a confirmation packet.

DHCP and NAT

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is an application-layer program that assigns IP addresses to hosts or routers.
NAT (Network Address Translation) enables a user to have a large set of addresses internally and a small set of addresses externally.
NAT helps to conserve IP addresses.

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Description

Test your knowledge on queuing delay, throughput, and transmission rates in computer networking. Understand how packets wait in routers' queues and the concept of throughput at different points in a network. Explore scenarios with multiple links each having a different transmission rate.