Networking Transmission Media Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of these factors is NOT considered while choosing a transmission medium?

  • Data transfer rate
  • Cost of installation
  • User preferences (correct)
  • Signal strength

What type of transmission medium would be used to connect a computer to a router?

  • Fiber Optic Cable
  • Twisted-Pair Cable (correct)
  • Coaxial Cable
  • Wireless Transmission

What is the main purpose of twisting the wires in a twisted-pair cable?

  • To increase the speed of data transmission
  • To prevent interference from outside sources (correct)
  • To decrease the cost of manufacturing the cable
  • To make the cable physically stronger

Which of these is NOT a benefit of using fiber-optic cable?

<p>Lower cost compared to copper cables (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'UTP' stand for in networking terminology?

<p>Unshielded Twisted-Pair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connector is typically used with UTP cables?

<p>RJ45 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'crosstalk' in networking?

<p>The interference between adjacent wires in a cable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an advantage of using shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable over unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable?

<p>STP provides greater resistance to electromagnetic interference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a straight-through Ethernet cable and a crossover Ethernet cable?

<p>Straight-through cables are used for connecting computers to computers, while crossover cables are used for connecting computers to hubs or switches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common type of network media?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a transmission medium in a network?

<p>To provide a physical path for data transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a fiber-optic cable transmit data?

<p>By transmitting light pulses through a glass or plastic fiber (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disadvantage of using twisted-pair cable compared to fiber-optic cable, in general?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the IEEE in networking?

<p>Developing standards for network media, like Ethernet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between guided and unguided media in networking?

<p>Guided media transmit data over wires, while unguided media transmit data wirelessly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of communications processors in a telecommunications system?

<p>To control the flow of information and manage network resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of digital signals over analog signals?

<p>Digital signals are less susceptible to noise and interference. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Modem?

<p>To convert digital signals to analog signals and vice versa. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using Bluetooth technology for wireless communication?

<p>Bluetooth allows for easy connection between nearby devices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is telecommunication technology considered important in the business sector?

<p>It enables businesses to operate remotely and collaborate effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do telecommunications systems impact the lives of individuals around the world?

<p>They facilitate communication and connection between people. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between analog and digital signals?

<p>Digital signals are continuous waves, while analog signals are discrete pulses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of converting digital signals to analog signals called?

<p>Modulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a telecommunications system?

<p>Operating systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Multiplexer?

<p>To combine multiple data streams into a single transmission channel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of mobile communication?

<p>It makes communication more efficient and convenient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a telecommunications application?

<p>Sending an email (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do telecommunications systems contribute to a safer world?

<p>They enable quick and efficient response to disasters and emergencies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 4G LTE stand for?

<p>Fourth Generation Long Term Evolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a modem and a multiplexer?

<p>A modem converts signals between digital and analog, while a multiplexer combines multiple data streams. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a communications processor?

<p>To route data and control information flow within a network. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cable is most susceptible to noise interference?

<p>Twisted-pair cable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transmission medium is commonly used in short-range communications like connecting a computer to a peripheral device?

<p>Infrared waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a guided medium?

<p>Satellite network (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for using twisting in twisted-pair cable?

<p>To reduce signal interference from external sources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key benefit of using fiber-optic cable over twisted-pair and coaxial cable?

<p>Greater bandwidth and faster data transmission speeds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a component of a WLAN?

<p>Fiber-optic cables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wave is primarily used for cellular phone, satellite, and wireless LAN communications?

<p>Radio waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a mobile switching center (MSC) in a cellular network?

<p>To handle the routing of calls and data between mobile phones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a type of satellite orbit?

<p>Circular orbit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between uplink and downlink in a satellite communication system?

<p>Uplink refers to the transmission from the ground station to the satellite, while downlink is the transmission from the satellite to the ground station. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the physical pathways used to transmit data, such as wire, cable, and wireless signals?

<p>Transmission Media (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of physical transmission media?

<p>Infrared Media (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are data encoded in a network using metallic wires?

<p>As electrical impulses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a wireless transmission medium?

<p>Cellular Radio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are copper cables, fiber optic cables, and wireless transmission considered the three primary types of network media?

<p>They are the most widely used and offer different advantages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a message once it is converted to an electrical impulse for transmission on a metallic wire?

<p>It is transmitted as a series of electrical pulses, matching specific patterns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the use of data packets in network transmission?

<p>Data packets are used to break down large messages into smaller units for efficient transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a microwave antenna in communications?

<p>To recover and collect incoming microwave signals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes unidirectional microwave communication?

<p>One-to-one communication between a sender and receiver. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of omnidirectional antennas?

<p>They radiate signals equally in all horizontal directions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of wave is commonly used in remote controls for televisions?

<p>Infrared waves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the shielding in Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables?

<p>To block external electrical interference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does a telecommunications system NOT perform transparently to the user?

<p>Format the user's computer display (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes coaxial cables?

<p>They carry signals of higher frequency ranges than twisted pair cables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the telecommunications model, what is the role of communications software?

<p>To manage the entire transmission process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key advantage does fiber-optic cabling have over traditional metal cabling?

<p>Resistance to electromagnetic interference (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical diameter range of thick coaxial cables?

<p>6 to 18 mm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wave type has the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum?

<p>Radio waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of the ST connector compared to the SC connector?

<p>It uses a push/pull locking system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do wireless media typically have over wired media?

<p>Flexibility in placement and mobility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connector is most commonly used with coaxial cables?

<p>Bayonet Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for performing specialized data communication functions?

<p>Communications processors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of cable protection against damage?

<p>Installing cables underground. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes single-mode fiber from multimode fiber?

<p>Single-mode fiber can transmit signals over greater distances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cables compared to shielded twisted-pair (STP) cables?

<p>UTP cables consist of pairs twisted together without additional shielding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cable type is most appropriate for connecting 20 computers in a local area network?

<p>Twisted pair cable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electromagnetic wave is mainly used in cellular phones?

<p>Microwaves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of unguided media?

<p>It transports electromagnetic waves without a physical conductor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes electromagnetic waves?

<p>They consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do businesses benefit from integrated telecommunications technologies?

<p>By minimizing time and distance barriers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does electromagnetic radiation consist of?

<p>Interactions between electric and magnetic fields. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of propagation allows radio waves to travel long distances with low output power?

<p>Sky propagation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of signals do thick coaxial cables primarily carry?

<p>Broadband analog signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cable type is ideal for eliminating electrical interference in communication?

<p>Fiber-optic cable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which application does NOT utilize microwave technologies?

<p>Remote controls for TVs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using omnidirectional antennas?

<p>Signals can easily interfere with one another. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum frequency range for radio waves?

<p>3 kHz to 1 GHz. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions is true for multimode fiber-optic cables?

<p>They allow multiple light paths through the fiber. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the primary purpose of the overall metallic braid or foil in Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables?

<p>To further shield the wires from external noise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of microwaves that differs from radio waves?

<p>They are transmitted using unidirectional antennas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of signal does thin coaxial cable primarily transmit?

<p>Baseband signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects the distance radio waves can travel in ground propagation?

<p>Amount of power in the signal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antenna is utilized for directing microwave signals?

<p>Parabolic dish antenna. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is typically used to achieve line-of-sight propagation?

<p>Ensuring antennas are directed toward each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates microwave communication from other wireless communications?

<p>It requires highly directional antennas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a traditional application of microwave technology?

<p>Satellite communication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common transmission medium for local area networks?

<p>Twisted pair cable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What frequency band does Bluetooth technology primarily operate in?

<p>2.4 GHz (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol is most commonly associated with Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)?

<p>IEEE 802.11 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of using Bluetooth technology over other wireless technologies?

<p>Lower power consumption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of an Access Point (AP) in a wireless LAN?

<p>To connect wireless devices to a wired network (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What data rate can current WLAN technology provide?

<p>11 Mbps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature helps to extend the coverage area in a WLAN?

<p>Overlapping access points (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental characteristic of a cellular network?

<p>It comprises small regions called cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component that allows a mobile device to connect to a cellular network?

<p>Base station (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Bluetooth technology?

<p>Operates over long distances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does a cellular network have over traditional wired networks?

<p>Mobility for users (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common disadvantage of wireless local area networks compared to wired LANs?

<p>Higher data security risks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is required for Bluetooth-enabled devices to communicate?

<p>Pairing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a mobile switching center (MSC) function in a cellular network?

<p>It connects calls and records call information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What purpose do overlapping access points serve in a WLAN?

<p>To improve user mobility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of 4G cellular technology?

<p>Support for 1 Gbit/s for stationary users (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of data transmission allows for communication in both directions at the same time?

<p>Full-Duplex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the main advantage of 5G technology compared to previous generations?

<p>Ability to connect a wider range of devices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that differentiates half-duplex mode from full-duplex mode?

<p>Full-duplex can transmit data in both directions at the same time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes 2G cellular systems from 1G systems?

<p>Introduction of digital technology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of an effective data communication system?

<p>Timeliness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of network is designed to connect satellites with ground stations?

<p>Satellite network (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a geo-stationary satellite orbit differ from a low-earth orbit satellite?

<p>GEO satellites appear stationary relative to the Earth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An IP address serves what primary purpose in a network?

<p>To identify devices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an IPv4 address from an IPv6 address?

<p>IPv6 addresses use 128-bit integers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate altitude of geo-stationary satellites?

<p>35,786 km (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes simplex mode of communication?

<p>Communication can only occur in one direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major improvement does 4G LTE bring over its predecessors?

<p>Higher data speed standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which way does 5G differ fundamentally from 4G?

<p>Introduction of ultra-low latency features (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of IP address format is commonly used?

<p>Dotted decimal format (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of IP address has the largest range and is generally used for very large networks?

<p>Class A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical feature of satellite communication?

<p>Global coverage without geographical limitations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are MEO satellites positioned between two Van Allen belts?

<p>To avoid destruction from energetic particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode is comparable to a one-lane road where devices take turns in communication?

<p>Half-Duplex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the transponder in a satellite system?

<p>To receive and retransmit signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of delivery in data communication systems?

<p>To guarantee data reaches the intended destination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines the IP used in networking?

<p>It describes how devices communicate with each other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with 5G technology?

<p>Higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are IP addresses essential for internet communication?

<p>They uniquely identify devices on a network. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'mobile broadband everywhere' refer to?

<p>The nature of 4G technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of device typically uses simplex mode of communication?

<p>Keyboard (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the capacity goals for 4G networks?

<p>Must provide seamless connectivity for high data rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a network mask in the context of IP addresses?

<p>To identify the specific network to which an IP address belongs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of IP addresses is primarily used for multicast communication?

<p>Class D (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between guided and unguided media in a network?

<p>Guided media uses physical cables, while unguided media transmits data through airwaves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of media is commonly used for transmitting data over long distances, particularly in backbone networks?

<p>Fiber-optic cable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the purpose of IP (Internet Protocol)?

<p>IP provides a standard format for addressing network devices and routing data packets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the IP address 192.168.1.10, to which address class does it belong?

<p>Class C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a benefit of using fiber-optic cable compared to twisted-pair cable?

<p>Lower cost of installation and maintenance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the first octet of an IP address in determining the address class?

<p>The first octet identifies the range of IP addresses that belong to the same network. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a modem in telecommunications?

<p>To modulate digital signals to analog signals for transmission over telephone lines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common type of wireless transmission media used in networking?

<p>Ultrasonic waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Multiplexer in telecommunications?

<p>To combine multiple data streams for transmission over a single communication channel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following IP addresses belongs to the Class A category?

<p>10.0.0.1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Computer Network

A connection of two or more computers for communication.

Transmission Media

The pathways for data transmission, can be physical or wireless.

Physical Transmission Media

Includes wires, cables, and tangible materials for data transfer.

Wireless Transmission Media

Transmits signals through air or space without physical connections.

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Copper Cables

A type of physical transmission media made of metal wire.

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Fiber Optic Cable

Uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit data as light signals.

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Cellular Radio

A wireless transmission method using cellular networks for communication.

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Satellite Transmission

Uses satellites to send data signals over long distances.

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ST Connector

A type of fiber-optic connector using a push/pull locking system.

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MT-RJ Connector

A connector the same size as RJ45 used for fiber optics.

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Unguided Media

Transport of signals through electromagnetic waves without physical conductors.

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Ground Propagation

Radio waves traveling along the earth’s surface.

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Sky Propagation

Radio waves radiate upward, reflecting off the ionosphere.

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Line-of-Sight Propagation

High-frequency signals transmitted directly between antennas.

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Omnidirectional Antenna

An antenna that sends signals in all directions.

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Microwave Communication

Line-of-sight technology using high-frequency radio waves.

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Unidirectional Antenna

Antenna that sends signals in one direction only.

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Parabolic Dish Antenna

A type of unidirectional antenna shaped like a parabola for focusing signals.

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Fiber Optic Advantages

Faster speeds and higher capacity compared to copper cables.

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Fiber Optic Disadvantages

More fragile and expensive compared to copper cables.

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Propagation Methods

Ways unguided signals travel: ground, sky, and line-of-sight.

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Radio Waves

Electromagnetic waves typically between 3 kHz and 1 GHz, often omnidirectional.

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Microwave Frequencies

Waves between 1 and 300 GHz, higher than radio waves, used for fast data transmission.

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Unidirectional Waves

Waves that travel in one direction, useful for specific communication needs.

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Horn Antenna

An antenna that uses a scooped shape to direct microwave signals.

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Omnidirectional Waves

Waves that travel equally well in all directions.

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Infrared Waves

Electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than visible light, invisible to the eye.

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Electromagnetic Waves

Waves formed by the interaction of electric and magnetic fields.

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Telecommunication

Long-distance communication using technology like radio and telephone.

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Telecommunications System

A setup of hardware and software for communicating information over distances.

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Communications Media

Physical media used for transferring electronic signals, wireline or wireless.

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Data Communications

The exchange of data using communication technologies.

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Communications Protocols

Rules that govern the transfer of information across a telecommunications system.

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Communications Software

Software that controls and manages the operation of a telecommunications system.

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of all electromagnetic radiation frequencies, including radio waves.

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Wireless LANs

Local area networks that allow devices to connect wirelessly.

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Analog Signals

Continuous waves that carry information by altering amplitude and frequency.

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Digital Signals

Discrete on-off pulses conveying information in 1’s and 0’s.

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Modem

Device that converts digital signals to analog and vice versa.

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Modulation

The process of converting digital signals into analog waves.

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Demodulation

The reverse process of converting analog signals back to digital.

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Telecommunications Network Components

Includes terminals, processors, channels, and software for data exchange.

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Communications Processors

Hardware devices that support data transmission in telecom systems.

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Noise in Signals

Interference that affects the quality of analog signals.

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Bluetooth Technology

Short-range wireless tech replacing cables between devices.

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Telephony

The system of telephone communication using electromagnetic waves.

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Multiplexer

Device that combines multiple signals into one for transmission.

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POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service)

Traditional analog phone system designed for voice signals.

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Telecommunications Applications

Various uses like video conferencing and instant messaging.

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Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)

A type of cable with a special jacket to block external interference.

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Crosstalk

Interference caused by signals from adjacent wires in a cable.

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Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

Disruption caused by electromagnetic waves from external sources.

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Coaxial Cable

A cable with a central conductor, insulating sheath, and outer metal shield.

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Thick Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable that ranges from 6 to 18 mm in diameter.

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Thin Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable with a diameter of approximately 4 mm, usually carrying baseband signals.

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BNC Connector

A common type of coaxial cable connector.

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Ethernet

A traditional technology for connecting devices in wired networks.

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Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)

A type of copper cabling used extensively in telecommunication.

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Single Mode Fiber

Fiber cable designed to carry light over long distances with minimal loss.

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Multimode Fiber

Fiber cable with larger diameter, allowing multiple light modes, but limited distance.

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Radiofrequency (RF)

Any frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio waves.

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Wireless Media

Unguided media that use electromagnetic waves to transmit signals without physical connections.

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Twisted-Pair Cable

A cable made of pairs of copper wires twisted together to reduce interference.

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RJ45 Connector

The standard connector used with UTP cables for network devices.

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Ethernet Standards

Specifications for network cables and connections managed by IEEE, specifically 802.3.

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Straight-Through Cable

Ethernet cable used to connect different network devices like computers to switches.

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Crossover Cable

Ethernet cable used to connect similar devices, like computer to computer.

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Signal

An electric or electromagnetic form of data that travels over transmission media.

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Noise

Unwanted electrical signals that interfere with data transmission in cables.

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Factors for Choosing Media

Considerations such as cost, distance, and interference when selecting a transmission medium.

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Base Station

A central point for wireless communication with devices.

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Cell in Cellular System

A small geographic unit used to improve wireless coverage.

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1G Cellular System

First generation of mobile networks focusing on voice communication.

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2G Cellular System

Second generation focusing on digital voice and basic data services.

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3G Cellular System

Third generation enabling mobile broadband and higher data speeds.

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4G Cellular System

Fourth generation designed for high-speed mobile broadband communications.

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4G LTE

Long Term Evolution, a type of 4G technology offering high data rates.

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5G Cellular System

Fifth generation network expected to deliver ultra-fast data and connectivity.

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Ultra-low Latency

A key feature of 5G, ensuring near-instant data transfer.

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Satellite Network

A communication network using satellites to connect various points on Earth.

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Geostationary Orbit (GEO)

A satellite orbit remaining fixed over a specific point on Earth.

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Low-Earth Orbit (LEO)

Satellites orbiting below 2000 km, providing close communication.

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Medium-Earth Orbit (MEO)

Satellites positioned between 2000 km and 35,786 km altitudes.

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Van Allen Belts

Two layers of charged particles around Earth affecting satellite operations.

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Transponder

An integrated receiver and transmitter for satellite signals.

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Orbit

A regular, repeating path that one object takes around another in space.

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Satellite

An object in orbit around another object; can be natural or man-made.

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Fundamental Characteristics of Data Communication

Includes delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter.

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Components of Data Communication

A system consists of a sender, receiver, transmission medium, message, and protocol.

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Data Transmission Mode

The direction of signal flow between two linked devices.

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Simplex Mode

Unidirectional communication where one device transmits and the other only receives.

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Half-Duplex Mode

Communication where devices can send and receive but not simultaneously.

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Full-Duplex Mode

Simultaneous transmission and reception of signals by both devices.

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Internet Protocol (IP)

The principal protocol governing communications in networking.

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IP Address

A unique address identifying a device on the internet or local network.

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IPv4

A version of an IP address using 32-bit integers, formatted as x.x.x.x.

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IP Address Classes

Categories of IP addresses (A, B, C, D, E) based on their range and usage.

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Dotted Decimal Notation

Common format of IPv4 address with four octets separated by dots.

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IPv6

A newer version of an IP address designed to accommodate the growing internet.

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Bluetooth

A wireless technology using radio frequency to share data over short distances.

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Bluetooth Range

Bluetooth typically operates within a range of about 10 meters.

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Wireless LAN (WLAN)

A network that connects devices wireless in a local area, using radio frequencies.

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Access Point (AP)

A device that connects wireless devices to a wired network.

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Mobility in WLAN

The ability to move freely while staying connected to a network.

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IEEE 802.11

Standards set for WLAN implementations, commonly referred to as Wi-Fi.

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Data Rate in WLAN

Current WLANs can provide data rates up to 11 Mbps.

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Cellular Network

A radio network distributed across land areas called cells.

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Cell Site

A fixed-location transceiver in each cell of a cellular network.

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Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Coordinates communication between base stations and the telephone network.

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Base Station (BS)

The main communication point for several wireless devices.

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Cellular Service Area

Regions divided into cells for mobile communication.

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Advantages of WLAN

Includes flexibility, mobility, and ease of connection.

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Overlap in APs

Multiple Access Points can overlap to extend coverage.

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Class A IP Addresses

IP addresses for a small number of networks with many hosts, starting with 0.

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Class B IP Addresses

IP addresses for medium networks, starting with 10, allowing moderate hosts.

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Class C IP Addresses

IP addresses for many networks but few hosts, starting with 110.

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Class D IP Addresses

Used for multicast purposes; starts with 1110.

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Class E IP Addresses

Experimental IP addresses, starting with 1111.

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Default Mask Class A

255.0.0.0 is the default subnet mask for Class A addresses.

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Default Mask Class B

255.255.0.0 is the default subnet mask for Class B addresses.

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Default Mask Class C

255.255.255.0 is the default subnet mask for Class C addresses.

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Netmask

A shorthand method to define the network portion of an IP address.

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Multicast

Sending data to multiple receivers simultaneously using Class D addresses.

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Broadcast

Sending data to all devices in a network.

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Host Address

A unique identifier for a device within a network.

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Network Size

Determined by the class of IP address used, affecting the number of possible devices.

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Rules of Internet Protocol (IP)

Guidelines governing the format and transmission of data over networks.

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WLAN

Wireless Local Area Network providing flexible connectivity.

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AMPS

Advanced Mobile Phone System, a first-generation cellular phone system.

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GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication, used mainly in Europe.

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Study Notes

Computer Network Transmission Media

  • Transmission media are physical or wireless pathways for data transmission.
  • Physical media use cables (e.g., twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic).
  • Wireless media use air or space (e.g., cellular radio, microwave, satellite, radio, infrared).
  • Modern networks use copper cables, fiber optic cables, and wireless transmission.

Signal Encoding

  • Metallic wires encode data as electrical impulses.
  • Fiber optic transmissions use light pulses (infrared or visible).
  • Wireless transmission uses patterns of electromagnetic waves.

Guided (Wired) Media

  • Guided media provide a physical conduit for signals.
  • Twisted-pair cable uses two twisted copper wires for signals and grounding.
  • Coaxial cable has a central conductor shielded by a metal outer conductor.
  • Fiber-optic cable uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit light signals.

Twisted-pair Cable

  • Commonly used network cable, especially UTP (unshielded).
  • UTP cables are categorized by CAT (category) numbers (e.g., cat5, cat6, cat7).
  • RJ45 connectors are commonly used for UTP cables.
  • Straight-through cables connect different devices (computers to hubs/switches).
  • Crossover cables connect similar devices (computer to computer).
  • Twisted pairs reduce interference (crosstalk) from external noise.

Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)

  • STP cable has a metal shield to reduce external interference.
  • Higher data rates than UTP.
  • Commonly used in fast Ethernet, voice, and data telephone lines.

Coaxial Cable

  • Carries higher frequency signals than twisted pair.
  • Consists of a central conductor within an insulating sheath and an outer conductor.
  • Two types: thick and thin.
  • Thick coaxial used for broadband signals (better noise immunity).
  • Thin coaxial used for baseband signals (limited noise isolation).
  • BNC connectors are common for coaxial cables.

Fiber-optic Cable

  • Uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit light signals.
  • Highly resistant to noise and interference.
  • High bandwidth and long-distance capabilities.
  • Two types: single-mode and multimode (multimode is larger diameter).
  • Connectors include SC, ST, and MT-RJ.

Unguided (Wireless) Media

  • Unguided media transmit electromagnetic waves without a physical conductor.
  • Signals are broadcast through free space.
  • Three main types:radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves.

Radio Waves

  • Omnidirectional, signals travel in all directions.
  • Used for long-distance broadcasting (e.g., AM radio, television).

Microwaves

  • Unidirectional, signals travel in a specific direction.
  • Used for high-speed wireless connections and satellite communications.
  • Need clear line-of-sight between antennas.
  • Use parabolic dish or horn antennas.

Infrared Waves

  • Invisible to the human eye.
  • Used for short-range communications (e.g., remote controls).

Telecommunications Network

  • Telecommunications involves long-distance communication using various technologies (telephone, radio, television).
  • Telecommunications are essential in modern businesses for quick communication.
  • Components include hardware, media, networks, processors, software, providers, protocols, and applications.
  • Telecommunications systems transmit, interface, route, process, check for errors, convert formats, control information flow, and securely transmit information.
  • Analog signals are continuous waves (e.g., sound).
  • Digital signals are discrete pulses (e.g., computer data).
  • Digital signals are less susceptible to noise and can be strengthened over long distances.

Mobile Communications

  • Mobile communication involves communication without physical connections (e.g., wires).
  • Bluetooth is short-range wireless technology to connect devices (e.g., phones and headsets).
  • Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) connects devices wirelessly over a local area, using radio frequency.

Cellular Networks

  • Cellular networks use cells (geographical areas) with base stations (antennas) to connect mobile devices.
  • Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs) coordinate calls and connect users and base stations; they record information and manage billing.
  • Cellular generations (1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G) provide increasing data rates and capabilities.

Satellite Networks

  • Satellite networks use satellites to transmit information between Earth points.
  • Components include: Earth stations, uplink, downlink, transponder.

Internet Protocol (IP)

  • Internet Protocol (IP) is the primary protocol for internetworking.
  • IP addresses uniquely identify devices on a network.
  • Two main versions: IPv4 (32-bit addresses) and IPv6 (larger address space).
  • IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E) were created for addressing space organization and based on network size.
  • Network masks distinguish network and host addresses.

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