Networking Quiz on HDLC and WAN Services

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Questions and Answers

What is the behavior of a sender when transmitting an IP packet to a host on the same LAN?

  • The sender forwards the packet to the default gateway.
  • The sender sends the IP packet directly to the host. (correct)
  • The sender broadcasts the packet to all hosts in the network.
  • The sender waits for a response before sending the packet.

Which functions are associated with routing protocols?

  • Forwarding IP packets between networks.
  • Providing metrics for route efficiency. (correct)
  • Establishing logical connections between routers. (correct)
  • Learning routes for directly connected subnets.

Which protocol requires PC1 to depend on another server device for information?

  • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).
  • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
  • Ping command.
  • Domain Name System (DNS). (correct)

In the context of HDLC headers used by Cisco routers, which fields are added beyond the ISO standard?

<p>Address field. (B), Control field. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When two routers connect using Ethernet over MPLS service, what can be inferred about this WAN?

<p>It is a point-to-point Layer 2 service. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command allows you to issue EXEC commands from configuration mode in Cisco routers?

<p>do (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a router learn routes for IP networks that are directly connected?

<p>Independent of routing protocols. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of the host part (H) in the IP address 192.168.9.1/27?

<p>5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the default router or gateway?

<p>It forwards packets to external networks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of the subnet bits (S) for the IP address 192.168.9.1/27?

<p>3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classless addressing, which of the following statements is true?

<p>It utilizes a structure of network part and host part only. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many subnet bits are necessary to support at least 100 subnets in a Class B network?

<p>7 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of classful addressing, which part of an IP address remains constant across all addresses in a subnet?

<p>Network part (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mask would provide enough subnet bits to support exactly 128 subnets in a Class B network?

<p>255.255.255.252 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference when using classless addressing compared to classful addressing?

<p>Allows arbitrary length prefix. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of network bits for a Class C address, what is the value assigned?

<p>24 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of an IP address must be identical for different addresses to be in the same network segment?

<p>Network part (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the subnet ID represent in a subnet?

<p>The lowest number in the range (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the IP address 10.7.99.133/24, what is the subnet ID?

<p>10.7.99.0 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest usable IP address within the subnet identified by 192.168.44.96/30?

<p>192.168.44.98 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about usable IP addresses is true?

<p>Usable addresses do not include the subnet ID or broadcast address. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the subnet mask 255.255.255.252, what must the subnet ID reflect?

<p>A multiple of 4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of subnetting, what does the term 'broadcast address' refer to?

<p>The highest number in a subnet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classful addressing, which parts of an address must be identical for addresses to be in the same subnet?

<p>Network and subnet parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of link connects the two routers, R1 and R2, in the described WAN?

<p>Layer 2 Ethernet link (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Router 1 do with the Ethernet frame it receives from PC1?

<p>Removes the IP packet from the Ethernet frame (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a router when routing TCP/IP packets?

<p>To compare the packet's destination IP address with its routing table (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Ethernet and HDLC in the context of this WAN is true?

<p>The Ethernet link does not utilize HDLC for data transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When PC1 sends data to PC2, what will be the source MAC address in the frame sent by PC1?

<p>The MAC address of PC1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Router 2 process the IP packet it receives from Router 1?

<p>It encapsulates the IP packet in an Ethernet frame and adds a new header (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What logical process do IPv4 hosts generally use for IP forwarding?

<p>Basic two-branch logic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the connection between R1 and R2, what role does the point of presence (PoP) play?

<p>It acts as a service provider facility for Ethernet links (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which commands do not list the IP address and mask of at least one interface? (Choose two answers.)

<p>show ip interface brief (B), show version (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of a Layer 2 switch CLI compared to a Cisco router CLI?

<p>A LAN switch typically has a single IPv4 address for management. (C), A router has no IP addressing capabilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two facts does a router use for matching a packet's destination address from its routing table? (Choose two answers.)

<p>Subnet ID (B), Subnet mask (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After configuring the IP address 10.1.1.100/26, which routes would you expect to see in the output of the show ip route command? (Choose two answers.)

<p>10.1.1.64/26 (B), 10.1.1.100/32 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What subnet mask corresponds to the IP address 10.1.1.100 with a /26 prefix?

<p>255.255.255.255 (A), 255.255.255.192 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of route is created for the single IPv4 address assigned to a LAN switch?

<p>Local route (A), Default route (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command would provide details on both the addresses and masks for router interfaces?

<p>show ip interface (B), show version (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command would you not use to see information about interfaces on a router?

<p>show configuration (A), show ip route (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

HDLC Header

HDLC headers do not contain a 'Type' field for packet identification.

Ethernet over MPLS

Routers use Ethernet over MPLS for Layer 2 point-to-point service.

Ethernet WAN Links

Standard Ethernet headers and trailers are used, skipping HDLC.

Ethernet Frame (PC to Router)

PC sends data to a router in an Ethernet frame addressed to it.

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HDLC Frame (Router to Router)

Router encapsulates IP packets into HDLC frames for transmission.

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IP Routing Table

Routers use the destination IP address to find routes.

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Two-Branch IP Logic

IPv4 hosts send packets to the same subnet or default router.

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Routing Protocols

Learn routes and maintain routing info for networks.

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IP Routing vs. Routing Protocols

IP routing is separate from routing protocols.

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ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

Hosts learn MAC addresses; doesn't involve a server.

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DNS (Domain Name System)

Requires a server to resolve hostnames to IP addresses.

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Classful Addressing

IP address divided into network, subnet, and host parts.

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Class C Prefix

Example: 192.168.9.1/27; shows network, subnet, and host bits.

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Classless Subnetting

Uses prefix and host structure, ignoring traditional class distinctions.

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Subnet Bits for Subnets

Calculating needed subnet bits to support a given number of subnets.

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Subnet ID

Lowest value in a subnet's range of usable addresses.

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Broadcast Address

Highest IP address in a subnet range.

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Subnet Mask

Defines network and host portions in an IP address.

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show ip interface brief

Command to show IPv4 addresses; masks are not shown.

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Layer 2 Switch IP

Layer 2 switches maintain usually a single IP for management.

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Routing Table Route

Consists of a subnet ID and mask for matching.

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Routing Table After Interface Config

Adds connected and local routes to table automatically.

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Study Notes

HDLC and Ethernet Connections

  • HDLC header does not include a Type field for packet identification.
  • Routers R1 and R2 use Ethernet over MPLS for point-to-point Layer 2 service.
  • Each router connects to a Service Provider's point of presence (PoP) via a physical Ethernet link.
  • The Ethernet WAN links utilize standard Ethernet header and trailer; HDLC is not applied.

Data Transmission Between PCs and Routers

  • When PC1 sends data to PC2, it forms an Ethernet frame addressed to Router 1.
  • Router 1 strips the Ethernet frame to retrieve the IP packet, encapsulating it into an HDLC frame for transmission.
  • Router 2 decapsulates the HDLC frame, adds a new Ethernet header, and forwards the packet to PC2.

Routing Decisions

  • Routers utilize the packet's destination IP address to reference their IP routing table for forwarding.
  • IPv4 hosts utilize two-branch logic: directly sending packets within the same subnet or forwarding them to a default router.

Functions of Routing Protocols

  • Routing protocols facilitate the learning of routes and maintain routing information for subnets and networks.
  • IP routing is a separate process from the routing protocol's functions.

Learning from Servers

  • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) allows hosts to learn MAC address information but does not involve a server.
  • Domain Name System (DNS) requires input from a server for hostname to IP address resolution.

Classful IP Addressing

  • In classful addressing, an IP address is divided into network, subnet, and host parts.
  • For example, with a Class C prefix 192.168.9.1/27, the host part size is calculated as follows: N=24 (network bits), S=3 (subnet bits), H=5 (host bits).

Classless Subnetting

  • Classless addressing employs a prefix and host structure, disregarding the traditional class distinctions of IP addresses.
  • To support 100 subnets in a Class B network, at least 7 subnet bits are necessary, allowing for up to 128 subnets.

Binary and Decimal Subnet Analysis

  • For a subnet, the ID is the lowest value and the broadcast address is the highest, with usable addresses in between.
  • Subnet ID for a given IP address can be determined by using the subnet mask to identify bits that remain unchanged.

Show Commands for Interfaces

  • The show ip interface brief command displays IPv4 addresses but not their masks.
  • Operations on a Layer 2 switch differ from a router as switches generally maintain a single IP address for management.

Routing Table Entries

  • A route in a routing table consists of a subnet ID and a mask for address range matching.
  • After configuring a router interface, the connected route for the subnet and a local route for the IP address are automatically added to the routing table.

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