Networking Module 4: Physical Layer
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary limitation of copper cabling related to distance?

  • Attenuation (correct)
  • Low resistance
  • Crosstalk
  • Electromagnetic Interference

    • Which type of copper cabling is most commonly used in networks today?

  • Fiber Optic Cable
  • Unshielded Twisted Pair (correct)
  • Shielded Twisted Pair
  • Coaxial Cable

    • Which of the following best mitigates crosstalk in copper cabling?

  • Color-coded insulation
  • Using RJ-45 connectors
  • Using longer cable lengths
  • Twisted opposing circuit pair wires (correct)

    • What is the advantage of using Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)?

    <p>Better noise protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mitigation technique for interference in copper cabling?

    <p>Increasing voltage levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the outer jacket in UTP cabling?

    <p>To protect the wires from damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Crosstalk' refer to in the context of copper cabling?

    <p>Transmission of signals between adjacent wires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following characteristics, which one applies specifically to Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)?

    <p>Provides better noise protection than UTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Physical Layer in a network?

    <p>To establish a physical connection to the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Network Interface Cards (NICs) is accurate?

    <p>Some devices may have more than one NIC for different types of connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three functional areas addressed by Physical Layer standards?

    <p>Physical Components, Encoding, and Signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the encoding process in the Physical Layer involve?

    <p>Converting bits into a format understandable by the receiving device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Physical Layer handle the transmission of data?

    <p>It transports bits as a series of signals across network media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a component of the Physical Layer?

    <p>Software applications managing data flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after a device receives bits from the Physical Layer?

    <p>The device re-encapsulates the frame and decides next steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the performance of physical connections?

    <p>Performance depends on the medium used and connection type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which industry is fiber-optic cabling primarily used to provide broadband services to homes and small businesses?

    <p>Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connector is known for its 'twist-on/twist-off' locking mechanism?

    <p>ST Connector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fiber-optic cabling is best suited for connecting countries and cities over long distances?

    <p>Long-Haul Networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes LC simplex connectors from their duplex counterparts?

    <p>Number of fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color jacket indicates a single-mode fiber cable?

    <p>Yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of submarine cable networks?

    <p>Transoceanic connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connector is characterized as a widely-adopted standard connector using a push-pull mechanism?

    <p>SC Connector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patch cord is designed for single-mode fiber applications?

    <p>LC-LC SM Patch Cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of optical fiber in networking?

    <p>Backbone cabling for high-traffic connections between facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber-optic cabling?

    <p>It is completely immune to EMI and RFI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of wireless media?

    <p>Its coverage area can be significantly impacted by physical characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true for UTP cabling compared to fiber-optic cabling?

    <p>UTP cabling installation requires fewer skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the number of users affect a WLAN?

    <p>Decreases the overall bandwidth available to each user.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a property of wireless media?

    <p>Carries electromagnetic signals in half-duplex mode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly impacts the effective coverage of a wireless network?

    <p>The physical characteristics of the deployment location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the costs of media is correct?

    <p>Fiber-optic cabling has the highest media and connector costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'bandwidth' refer to in networking?

    <p>The capacity at which a medium can carry data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are methods of encoding data?

    <p>Manchester, 4B/5B, 8B/10B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'goodput' in networking?

    <p>The measure of usable data transferred over a given period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit is equivalent to 1,000 bits per second?

    <p>Kbps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'latency'?

    <p>The time delay for data to travel between two points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signals are used for data transmission over copper cables?

    <p>Only electrical pulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bandwidth terminology, what does 'throughput' specifically measure?

    <p>The rate of successful data transfer over the medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is 'megabits per second' abbreviated?

    <p>Mbps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which standard provides wireless broadband access with speeds up to 1 Gbps?

    <p>IEEE 802.16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a Wireless Access Point (AP) play in a Wireless LAN (WLAN)?

    <p>Concentrates wireless signals and connects to existing infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which standard is primarily intended for low-data rate, low-power communications in applications like IoT?

    <p>IEEE 802.15.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for Wireless LAN (WLAN) equipment during purchase?

    <p>Compatibility and interoperability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distance range does the Wireless personal area network (WPAN) standard cover?

    <p>1 to 100 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major function do Wireless NIC Adapters serve in a WLAN?

    <p>Provide wireless communications capability to network hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topology is utilized by WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) to provide broadband access?

    <p>Point-to-multipoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must network administrators apply stringent security policies for WLANs?

    <p>To protect WLANs from unauthorized access and damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Module 4: Physical Layer

    • This module introduces the physical layer in networking.
    • It covers the purpose, characteristics, standards, and components of the physical layer.
    • It looks at different types of cabling (copper and fiber optic), and wireless media.

    4.1 Purpose of the Physical Layer

    • A physical connection to a local network is required before any network communication.
    • This connection can be wired or wireless, depending on the network setup (e.g., home or office).
    • A Network Interface Card (NIC) connects a device to the network.
    • Devices can have one or more NICs (wired and/or wireless).
    • Performance varies based on the physical connection type.

    4.2 Physical Layer Characteristics

    • The physical layer transports bits across the network media.
    • Data Link Layer sends a complete frame to the physical layer.
    • The layer encodes the data into signals for transmission across the local media.
    • The physical layer is the last step in the encapsulation process.
    • The next device on the pathway receives the frame, then re-encapsulates the frame.
    • The device then determines the next action to take.
    • Physical layer standards are implemented in hardware, overseen by many organizations including EIA/TIA, ITU-T, ANSI, and IEEE.
    • TCP/IP standards are implemented in software and controlled by the IETF.

    4.3 Copper Cabling

    • Copper cabling is the most prevalent type in networks.

    • It's affordable, easy to install, and with low resistance to electrical current flow.

    • Limitations:

      • Attenuation: Signal weakens with distance.
      • Susceptibility to interference (EMI/RFI and crosstalk): These issues distort the signal.

    • Mitigation strategies:

      • Strict cable length limits mitigate attenuation.
      • Shielding and grounding mitigate EMI and RFI.
      • Twisting opposing circuit pairs mitigates crosstalk.

    • Types of Copper Cabling:

      • Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
      • Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
      • Coaxial Cable

    4.4 UTP Cabling

    • UTP is the most prevalent networking media.

    • UTP cabling uses color-coded copper wires twisted together in pairs, encased in a plastic sheath, with no shielding.

    • Key UTP characteristics:

      • Outer jacket protects the copper wires from damage.
      • Twisted pairs reduce interference.
      • Color-coded insulation identifies each pair.

    • UTP cabling relies on:

      • Cancellation (opposite polarity in twisted pairs).
      • Twist variation to curb crosstalk.

    • UTP Standards and Connectors

      • The TIA/EIA-568 standard details UTP cable and connector elements such as cable types, lengths, connectors, testing methods.
      • Categories 3, 5, 5e, 6, 7, and 8 are various UTP types.

    • Types of UTP Cable:

      • Straight-through: Commonly used for connecting a host to a switch or a switch to a router.
      • Crossover: Used to connect similar devices (e.g., switch to switch, or host to host).

    4.5 Fiber-Optic Cabling

    • Fiber optics is more expensive but transmits larger amounts of data over longer distances (comparatively) with high bandwidth.

    • It's less susceptible to attenuation and highly resistant to EMI/RFI.

    • It's made of thin, flexible strands of pure glass.

    • It utilizes lasers to encode bits as light pulses.

    • Light travels through the fiber optic cable.

    • Fiber optic cabling is often used for:

      • Enterprise networks
      • Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH)
      • Long haul networks
      • Submarine cables

    • Types of Fiber Media:

      • Multimode
      • Single Mode

    4.6 Wireless Media

    • Wireless media transmits electromagnetic signals at radio or microwave frequencies.

    • Wireless offers high mobility, with connection numbers increasing.

    • Limitations to consider:

      • Coverage area: Dependent on location and other factors.
      • Interference: From other devices.
      • Security: Vulnerability of connection.
      • Shared medium: Shared bandwidth with other users.

    • Common Wireless Media: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, WiMAX, ZigBee

    • Wireless LAN requirements:

      • Wireless Access Points (APs) - Concentrate and transmit signals
      • Wireless NIC Adapters - Provide wireless communication

    • Standards and technologies:

    • IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth and others.

    Packet Tracer

    • This Packet Tracer activity involves connecting to the cloud, the router, remaining devices, verifying connections, and examining physical topology.

    Lab - View Wired and Wireless NIC Information

    • Objectives of this lab include identifying and working with PC NICs and system tray network icons.

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    Related Documents

    ITN Module 4: Physical Layer PDF

    Description

    Explore the essentials of the Physical Layer in networking. This module delves into its purpose, characteristics, and key components, including both wired and wireless cabling options. Understand how data is transmitted through various physical connections.

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