Networking Fundamentals Quiz

This presentation introduces fundamental network concepts, network types (LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN), and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
The presentation aims to teach fundamental concepts of networks, identify different network types, understand OSI and TCP/IP models, and grasp data encapsulation and decapsulation.

Network: A group of interconnected computers or devices sharing data or resources (printers, servers, files, etc.)
Protocol: A set of rules for data exchange over a network (TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP).
Data communication: The transmission and reception of information between two devices.

PAN (Personal Area Network): A very small network, typically covering up to 10 meters, connecting devices like smartphones, tablets, or laptops (e.g., smartwatch to smartphone communication).
LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small geographic area (building or campus). Uses technologies like Ethernet or Wi-Fi for fast local resource management (printers, shared files). Examples include corporate and home networks.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a city or large metropolitan area, connecting multiple LANs over long distances (e.g., university networks within a city).
WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers very large areas (countries or continents), using technologies like MPLS, satellites, or undersea fiber optics. The internet is an example.

The TCP/IP model is more practical, with four layers.
The OSI model is a theoretical, seven-layer model, where each layer has a specific role.

A reference framework for dividing networking functions into seven distinct layers.
Layer 7 (Application): Network processes close to users.
Layer 6 (Presentation): Encodes, encrypts, and compresses data.
Layer 5 (Session): Establishes, maintains, and terminates sessions between applications.
Layer 4 (Transport): Maintains and terminates sessions between end devices; ensures data integrity.
Layer 3 (Network): Addresses interfaces globally, determines the best route through an internetwork, uses logical addressing (IP).
Layer 2 (Data Link): Addresses interfaces locally, uses MAC methods, delivers information locally between physically connected devices.
Layer 1 (Physical): Signal encoding, cables and connectors, physical specifications.

Physical Layer: Transmits bits between devices via physical mediums (cable, fiber, radio waves).
Data Link Layer: Provides reliable data transfer between physically connected devices, managing MAC addressing and error detection/correction.

Transport Layer: Ensures reliable end-to-end communication (using segment management, flow control, error correction).
Session Layer: Manages sessions or connections between hosts (allowing session establishment, maintenance, and termination).
Presentation Layer: Handles translation, compression, and encryption of data for transmission.
Application Layer: Provides network services to applications; handles direct interaction with software or end-users.

Encapsulation: When sending a message, each layer adds headers to the data.
Decapsulation: When receiving a message, each layer removes the added headers layer by layer until the original data is recovered.

OSI is a theoretical 7-layer model.
TCP/IP is a more widely used model with 4 layers: application, transport, internet, and network access.
The TCP/IP layers map to different combinations of OSI layers.

Based on two main protocols: TCP and IP.
Network Layer: Handles data transmission across the network (uses IP addresses and routing protocols).
Transport Layer: Ensures reliable, flow-controlled, and error-checked data transmission (using TCP or UDP).

This part covered fundamental network concepts and models (historical context, network types, OSI, and TCP/IP).
The introduction sets the groundwork for understanding modern networks' function.