Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the path determination function in a router?
What is the primary function of the path determination function in a router?
- To select the most appropriate interface for forwarding a packet (correct)
- To broadcast packets to all possible destinations
- To assign addresses to network elements
- To forward packets on the same interface
What is a prerequisite for performing routing?
What is a prerequisite for performing routing?
- Designing an addressing plan (correct)
- Implementing a routing table
- Broadcasting packets
- Configuring a router
What is the main advantage of Subnetting?
What is the main advantage of Subnetting?
- It uses a fairly simple implementation model (correct)
- It is not scalable
- It provides a complex implementation model
- It is not flexible
What is the primary reason why routing is used almost exclusively at the IP level?
What is the primary reason why routing is used almost exclusively at the IP level?
What is the main purpose of assigning addresses to network elements?
What is the main purpose of assigning addresses to network elements?
What is the common design plan used in IP addressing?
What is the common design plan used in IP addressing?
What is the primary function of the switching function in a router?
What is the primary function of the switching function in a router?
What is a key feature of IP addressing design?
What is a key feature of IP addressing design?
What is the most stable configuration in routing?
What is the most stable configuration in routing?
What happens to the routing tables as networks grow in size?
What happens to the routing tables as networks grow in size?
What is the primary function of routing algorithms and protocols?
What is the primary function of routing algorithms and protocols?
Why is it not possible to have every router keep an entry of every other router in the network?
Why is it not possible to have every router keep an entry of every other router in the network?
What is the consequence of forcing dynamic routing on situations that do not need it?
What is the consequence of forcing dynamic routing on situations that do not need it?
What is the purpose of assigning costs to network paths?
What is the purpose of assigning costs to network paths?
What is the result of having large routing tables?
What is the result of having large routing tables?
What is the hierarchical routing approach similar to?
What is the hierarchical routing approach similar to?
What is the primary function of a router in Figure 2?
What is the primary function of a router in Figure 2?
What is the destination network address of the packet sent out through interface S0 of Router 1?
What is the destination network address of the packet sent out through interface S0 of Router 1?
What is the interface through which a packet destined for network 100.4.0.0 should be sent out from Router 1?
What is the interface through which a packet destined for network 100.4.0.0 should be sent out from Router 1?
What is the role of Router 2 in Figure 2?
What is the role of Router 2 in Figure 2?
What is the significance of the table in Figure 2?
What is the significance of the table in Figure 2?
What is the primary purpose of using network layer addresses in routing?
What is the primary purpose of using network layer addresses in routing?
What is the function of the path determination function in routing?
What is the function of the path determination function in routing?
What is the relationship between Router 1 and Router 2 in Figure 2?
What is the relationship between Router 1 and Router 2 in Figure 2?
What is the primary feature of a networking switch?
What is the primary feature of a networking switch?
What is the main function of IP routing?
What is the main function of IP routing?
What is used by IP routers to determine the next-hop address?
What is used by IP routers to determine the next-hop address?
What is the main difference between a normal bridge and a layer 3 switch?
What is the main difference between a normal bridge and a layer 3 switch?
What is the purpose of RAM buffers in normal bridges and routers?
What is the purpose of RAM buffers in normal bridges and routers?
What is the advantage of using special silicon chips in switches?
What is the advantage of using special silicon chips in switches?
What is the function of a layer 2 switch?
What is the function of a layer 2 switch?
What is the main characteristic of an electrical switch?
What is the main characteristic of an electrical switch?
What is the primary goal of routing in a network?
What is the primary goal of routing in a network?
What is the trade-off between fairness and optimality in packet transmission?
What is the trade-off between fairness and optimality in packet transmission?
What is the purpose of the ARP table in a router?
What is the purpose of the ARP table in a router?
What is the main function of the routing table in a router?
What is the main function of the routing table in a router?
What is the primary reason why routers employ two basic functions?
What is the primary reason why routers employ two basic functions?
What is the relationship between the routing table and the ARP table in a router?
What is the relationship between the routing table and the ARP table in a router?
What is the primary benefit of using a routing algorithm?
What is the primary benefit of using a routing algorithm?
What is the main consideration in designing a routing algorithm?
What is the main consideration in designing a routing algorithm?
What is the destination network address of the packet sent out through interface S1 of Router 1?
What is the destination network address of the packet sent out through interface S1 of Router 1?
Which interface should a packet destined for network 100.3.0.0 be sent out from Router 1?
Which interface should a packet destined for network 100.3.0.0 be sent out from Router 1?
What is the primary function of Router 1 in Figure 2?
What is the primary function of Router 1 in Figure 2?
What is the role of the table in Figure 2?
What is the role of the table in Figure 2?
What is the primary benefit of using network layer addresses in routing?
What is the primary benefit of using network layer addresses in routing?
What is the primary function of Router 2 in Figure 2?
What is the primary function of Router 2 in Figure 2?
What happens when a packet destined for network 100.1.0.0 arrives at Router 1?
What happens when a packet destined for network 100.1.0.0 arrives at Router 1?
What is the primary goal of routing in a network?
What is the primary goal of routing in a network?
What is the main disadvantage of dynamic routing?
What is the main disadvantage of dynamic routing?
What is the primary reason for hierarchical routing?
What is the primary reason for hierarchical routing?
What do routing algorithms and protocols determine?
What do routing algorithms and protocols determine?
What happens to routing tables as networks grow?
What happens to routing tables as networks grow?
What is the primary function of IP routing?
What is the primary function of IP routing?
Why is static routing considered stable?
Why is static routing considered stable?
What is the main difference between a normal bridge and a layer 3 switch?
What is the main difference between a normal bridge and a layer 3 switch?
What is the result of having large routing tables?
What is the result of having large routing tables?
What is the main advantage of hierarchical routing?
What is the main advantage of hierarchical routing?
What is used by IP routers to determine the next-hop address?
What is used by IP routers to determine the next-hop address?
What is the primary feature of a networking switch?
What is the primary feature of a networking switch?
What is the purpose of assigning costs to network paths?
What is the purpose of assigning costs to network paths?
What happens to packets in RAM buffers?
What happens to packets in RAM buffers?
What is the advantage of using special silicon chips in switches?
What is the advantage of using special silicon chips in switches?
What is the function of a layer 2 switch?
What is the function of a layer 2 switch?
What is an electrical switch similar to?
What is an electrical switch similar to?
What is the primary goal of routing in a network?
What is the primary goal of routing in a network?
Why is it important to keep overhead processing to a minimum in routers?
Why is it important to keep overhead processing to a minimum in routers?
What is the result of prioritizing packet transmission between adjacent stations?
What is the result of prioritizing packet transmission between adjacent stations?
What is the role of the ARP table in a router?
What is the role of the ARP table in a router?
What is the primary function of the routing table in a router?
What is the primary function of the routing table in a router?
What is the trade-off between fairness and optimality in packet transmission?
What is the trade-off between fairness and optimality in packet transmission?
What is the purpose of assigning network layer addresses in routing?
What is the purpose of assigning network layer addresses in routing?
What is the primary function of a router in a network?
What is the primary function of a router in a network?
What is the primary purpose of breaking addresses into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy?
What is the primary purpose of breaking addresses into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy?
What is a common design plan used in IP addressing?
What is a common design plan used in IP addressing?
What is the benefit of using Subnetting in IP addressing?
What is the benefit of using Subnetting in IP addressing?
What is the main advantage of assigning addresses to network elements?
What is the main advantage of assigning addresses to network elements?
What is the primary consideration in designing a plan for assigning addresses?
What is the primary consideration in designing a plan for assigning addresses?
What is the purpose of extracting path information from addresses in switching nodes?
What is the purpose of extracting path information from addresses in switching nodes?
What is the primary constraint in designing an addressing plan?
What is the primary constraint in designing an addressing plan?
What is the key feature of IP addressing design?
What is the key feature of IP addressing design?
What is the destination network address of the packet sent out through interface S0 of Router 1?
What is the destination network address of the packet sent out through interface S0 of Router 1?
What is the purpose of the table in Figure 2?
What is the purpose of the table in Figure 2?
What is the primary function of Router 1 in Figure 2?
What is the primary function of Router 1 in Figure 2?
What is the interface through which a packet destined for network 100.4.0.0 should be sent out from Router 1?
What is the interface through which a packet destined for network 100.4.0.0 should be sent out from Router 1?
What is the role of Router 2 in Figure 2?
What is the role of Router 2 in Figure 2?
What is the primary purpose of using network layer addresses in routing?
What is the primary purpose of using network layer addresses in routing?
What happens when a packet destined for network 100.1.0.0 arrives at Router 1?
What happens when a packet destined for network 100.1.0.0 arrives at Router 1?
What is the primary goal of routing in a network?
What is the primary goal of routing in a network?
What is the primary advantage of using a hierarchical address assignment scheme?
What is the primary advantage of using a hierarchical address assignment scheme?
What is a key feature of Subnetting?
What is a key feature of Subnetting?
What is the primary purpose of breaking addresses into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy?
What is the primary purpose of breaking addresses into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy?
What is a common design plan used in IP addressing?
What is a common design plan used in IP addressing?
What is a prerequisite for performing routing?
What is a prerequisite for performing routing?
What is the primary benefit of using CIDR?
What is the primary benefit of using CIDR?
What is the primary function of the implementation phase of routing?
What is the primary function of the implementation phase of routing?
What is the primary benefit of using a hierarchical addressing scheme?
What is the primary benefit of using a hierarchical addressing scheme?
What is the result of prioritizing packet transmission between adjacent stations over distant stations?
What is the result of prioritizing packet transmission between adjacent stations over distant stations?
What is the primary consideration in designing a routing algorithm?
What is the primary consideration in designing a routing algorithm?
What is the function of the path determination function in a router?
What is the function of the path determination function in a router?
What is the trade-off between fairness and optimality in packet transmission?
What is the trade-off between fairness and optimality in packet transmission?
What is the purpose of the routing table in a router?
What is the purpose of the routing table in a router?
What is the consequence of forcing dynamic routing on situations that do not need it?
What is the consequence of forcing dynamic routing on situations that do not need it?
What is the primary benefit of using network layer addresses in routing?
What is the primary benefit of using network layer addresses in routing?
What is the relationship between the routing table and the ARP table in a router?
What is the relationship between the routing table and the ARP table in a router?
What is the primary function of a router in IP routing?
What is the primary function of a router in IP routing?
What is the main difference between a normal bridge and a layer 3 switch?
What is the main difference between a normal bridge and a layer 3 switch?
What is the primary feature of a networking switch?
What is the primary feature of a networking switch?
What do IP routers use to determine the next-hop address?
What do IP routers use to determine the next-hop address?
What is the primary function of a layer 2 switch?
What is the primary function of a layer 2 switch?
What is the advantage of using special silicon chips in switches?
What is the advantage of using special silicon chips in switches?
What is the primary goal of routing in a network?
What is the primary goal of routing in a network?
What is the main characteristic of an electrical switch?
What is the main characteristic of an electrical switch?
What is the primary concern when assigning costs to network paths?
What is the primary concern when assigning costs to network paths?
What is the main disadvantage of large routing tables?
What is the main disadvantage of large routing tables?
What is the purpose of hierarchical routing?
What is the purpose of hierarchical routing?
What is the primary benefit of using static routing?
What is the primary benefit of using static routing?
What is the main reason why dynamic routing is not always necessary?
What is the main reason why dynamic routing is not always necessary?
What is the primary function of routing algorithms and protocols?
What is the primary function of routing algorithms and protocols?
What is the main consequence of having large networks?
What is the main consequence of having large networks?
What is the primary advantage of using hierarchical routing?
What is the primary advantage of using hierarchical routing?
What is the primary characteristic of a routed protocol?
What is the primary characteristic of a routed protocol?
What is the primary purpose of assigning addresses to network elements?
What is the primary purpose of assigning addresses to network elements?
What is the main advantage of planning for routing in new network installations?
What is the main advantage of planning for routing in new network installations?
What is the primary function of a routing protocol?
What is the primary function of a routing protocol?
What is the main difference between static and dynamic routing?
What is the main difference between static and dynamic routing?
Why is it important to centralize addressing authority in a network?
Why is it important to centralize addressing authority in a network?
What is the primary reason for using routing at the IP level?
What is the primary reason for using routing at the IP level?
What is the primary concern when designing an addressing scheme for a network?
What is the primary concern when designing an addressing scheme for a network?
What is the main trade-off in packet transmission?
What is the main trade-off in packet transmission?
What is the primary goal of routing in a network?
What is the primary goal of routing in a network?
What is the relationship between the routing table and the ARP table in a router?
What is the relationship between the routing table and the ARP table in a router?
What is the main function of a routing algorithm?
What is the main function of a routing algorithm?
What is the main consideration in designing a routing algorithm?
What is the main consideration in designing a routing algorithm?
What is the primary benefit of using network layer addresses in routing?
What is the primary benefit of using network layer addresses in routing?
What is the primary function of the routing table in a router?
What is the primary function of the routing table in a router?
What is the primary function of a router in a network?
What is the primary function of a router in a network?
What information do addresses convey to facilitate data delivery?
What information do addresses convey to facilitate data delivery?
What is the key feature of IP addressing design that enables routers to forward packets without broadcasting?
What is the key feature of IP addressing design that enables routers to forward packets without broadcasting?
What is the primary benefit of using Subnetting in IP addressing?
What is the primary benefit of using Subnetting in IP addressing?
What is a key factor in classifying adaptive algorithms?
What is a key factor in classifying adaptive algorithms?
What is the primary reason why IP routing is used almost exclusively at the IP level?
What is the primary reason why IP routing is used almost exclusively at the IP level?
What is the primary goal of a routing algorithm when updating the routing table?
What is the primary goal of a routing algorithm when updating the routing table?
What is referred to as convergence in dynamic routing?
What is referred to as convergence in dynamic routing?
What is the relationship between the design and implementation of IP addressing?
What is the relationship between the design and implementation of IP addressing?
What is the purpose of a routing protocol in dynamic routing?
What is the purpose of a routing protocol in dynamic routing?
What is the primary function of a router in a network?
What is the primary function of a router in a network?
What is the primary advantage of using hierarchical routing in large networks?
What is the primary advantage of using hierarchical routing in large networks?
What is the term used to describe the number generated by a routing algorithm for each path through the network?
What is the term used to describe the number generated by a routing algorithm for each path through the network?
What is the primary benefit of assigning addresses to network elements in a hierarchical structure?
What is the primary benefit of assigning addresses to network elements in a hierarchical structure?
What are the two basic functions that dynamic routing relies on?
What are the two basic functions that dynamic routing relies on?
What is the primary goal of a routing algorithm?
What is the primary goal of a routing algorithm?
What is the result of all routers having consistent information about the network topology?
What is the result of all routers having consistent information about the network topology?
What information do routers receive from other routers connected to the same network?
What information do routers receive from other routers connected to the same network?
What is the purpose of a router adding a distance vector number to the routing table?
What is the purpose of a router adding a distance vector number to the routing table?
What is the similar concept to distance vector information in real life?
What is the similar concept to distance vector information in real life?
What is the process of updating routing tables in distance vector algorithms?
What is the process of updating routing tables in distance vector algorithms?
What is the result of routers receiving information from other routers in distance vector algorithms?
What is the result of routers receiving information from other routers in distance vector algorithms?
What is the limitation of distance vector algorithms?
What is the limitation of distance vector algorithms?
How do routers update their routing tables in distance vector algorithms?
How do routers update their routing tables in distance vector algorithms?
What is the purpose of distance vector algorithms?
What is the purpose of distance vector algorithms?
Study Notes
IP Routing Principles
- IP Routing is a process that sends packets from a host on one network to another host on a different remote network.
- It helps examine the destination IP address of a packet, determine the next-hop address, and forward it.
Switching
- A networking switch is designed to behave like an electrical switch, directing data signals to one of several wires.
- Its primary feature is speed, and it appears like a wire when relaying data signals.
- Layer 2 switches bridge, whereas layer 3 switches route.
- Switches use special silicon chips to forward packets directly from source to destination without passing through RAM buffers.
Routing and Network Layer Addresses
- Routers relay a packet from one data link to another.
- To relay a packet, a router employs two basic functions:
- Path determination function
- Switching function
- A router knows that the packet should be sent out on a specific port based on the network portion of the address.
Routing Functions
- Path determination function: determines the best direction to send the packet out.
- Switching function: enables a router to accept a packet on one interface and forward it on a second interface.
Prerequisites for Routing
- Design: a plan must exist for assigning addresses, typically broken into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy.
- Implementation: the design plan must be implemented in switching nodes, which must be able to extract path information from the addresses.
Routing Algorithms and Protocols
- Routing algorithms and protocols form the core of the Internet.
- Network engineers assign costs to network paths, and routing protocols select the least-cost path to the destination.
Types of Routing
- Static Routing: a plan must exist by which addresses are assigned.
- Default Routing: a default route is used when a router does not know where to send a packet.
- Dynamic Routing: routers update their routing tables based on changes in the network.
Routing Updates
- Routing updates are used to inform other routers of changes in the network.
- Figure 4 illustrates dynamic routing, where routers update their routing tables based on changes in the network.
Limitations of Routing
- As networks grow in size, the routing tables also grow proportionately, consuming considerable router memory.
- The processor time is eaten up in scanning these tables and bandwidth is consumed in sending status reports about the updated routing tables.
- Ultimately, the routing has to be done hierarchically, similar to a telephone network.
IP Routing Principles
- IP Routing is a process that sends packets from a host on one network to another host on a different remote network.
- It helps examine the destination IP address of a packet, determine the next-hop address, and forward it.
Switching
- A networking switch is designed to behave like an electrical switch, directing data signals to one of several wires.
- Its primary feature is speed, and it appears like a wire when relaying data signals.
- Layer 2 switches bridge, whereas layer 3 switches route.
- Switches use special silicon chips to forward packets directly from source to destination without passing through RAM buffers.
Routing and Network Layer Addresses
- Routers relay a packet from one data link to another.
- To relay a packet, a router employs two basic functions:
- Path determination function
- Switching function
- A router knows that the packet should be sent out on a specific port based on the network portion of the address.
Routing Functions
- Path determination function: determines the best direction to send the packet out.
- Switching function: enables a router to accept a packet on one interface and forward it on a second interface.
Prerequisites for Routing
- Design: a plan must exist for assigning addresses, typically broken into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy.
- Implementation: the design plan must be implemented in switching nodes, which must be able to extract path information from the addresses.
Routing Algorithms and Protocols
- Routing algorithms and protocols form the core of the Internet.
- Network engineers assign costs to network paths, and routing protocols select the least-cost path to the destination.
Types of Routing
- Static Routing: a plan must exist by which addresses are assigned.
- Default Routing: a default route is used when a router does not know where to send a packet.
- Dynamic Routing: routers update their routing tables based on changes in the network.
Routing Updates
- Routing updates are used to inform other routers of changes in the network.
- Figure 4 illustrates dynamic routing, where routers update their routing tables based on changes in the network.
Limitations of Routing
- As networks grow in size, the routing tables also grow proportionately, consuming considerable router memory.
- The processor time is eaten up in scanning these tables and bandwidth is consumed in sending status reports about the updated routing tables.
- Ultimately, the routing has to be done hierarchically, similar to a telephone network.
IP Routing Principles
- IP Routing is a process that sends packets from a host on one network to another host on a different remote network.
- It helps examine the destination IP address of a packet, determine the next-hop address, and forward it.
Switching
- A networking switch is designed to behave like an electrical switch, directing data signals to one of several wires.
- Its primary feature is speed, and it appears like a wire when relaying data signals.
- Layer 2 switches bridge, whereas layer 3 switches route.
- Switches use special silicon chips to forward packets directly from source to destination without passing through RAM buffers.
Routing and Network Layer Addresses
- Routers relay a packet from one data link to another.
- To relay a packet, a router employs two basic functions:
- Path determination function
- Switching function
- A router knows that the packet should be sent out on a specific port based on the network portion of the address.
Routing Functions
- Path determination function: determines the best direction to send the packet out.
- Switching function: enables a router to accept a packet on one interface and forward it on a second interface.
Prerequisites for Routing
- Design: a plan must exist for assigning addresses, typically broken into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy.
- Implementation: the design plan must be implemented in switching nodes, which must be able to extract path information from the addresses.
Routing Algorithms and Protocols
- Routing algorithms and protocols form the core of the Internet.
- Network engineers assign costs to network paths, and routing protocols select the least-cost path to the destination.
Types of Routing
- Static Routing: a plan must exist by which addresses are assigned.
- Default Routing: a default route is used when a router does not know where to send a packet.
- Dynamic Routing: routers update their routing tables based on changes in the network.
Routing Updates
- Routing updates are used to inform other routers of changes in the network.
- Figure 4 illustrates dynamic routing, where routers update their routing tables based on changes in the network.
Limitations of Routing
- As networks grow in size, the routing tables also grow proportionately, consuming considerable router memory.
- The processor time is eaten up in scanning these tables and bandwidth is consumed in sending status reports about the updated routing tables.
- Ultimately, the routing has to be done hierarchically, similar to a telephone network.
Routing Principles
- Fairness and optimality are competing requirements in routing, with a trade-off between the two.
- Performance criteria may prioritize packet transportation between adjacent stations over distant stations, resulting in higher throughput but unfairness to distant stations.
- Efficiency of a routing technique is determined by the minimum overhead processing required.
Routing Table and ARP Table
- A routing table is used to select the best path for forwarding packets.
- An ARP table is used to map IP addresses to physical addresses.
Routing and Network Layer Addresses
- Routers relay packets between data links using two basic functions: path determination and switching.
- Path determination selects the most appropriate interface for forwarding packets, while switching enables forwarding packets between interfaces.
- Routing assumes that addresses convey partial information about host locations, allowing routers to forward packets without broadcasting or complete listing of destinations.
- Three prerequisites for routing are:
- Design: a plan for assigning addresses, typically broken into fields corresponding to physical hierarchy levels.
- Implementation: the design plan must be implemented in switching nodes, which extract path information from addresses.
- Enforcement: the plan must be enforced in host addressing, with centralized addressing authority.
Routing Protocols
- A routed protocol is a protocol that contains sufficient network-layer addressing information for user traffic to be directed from one network to another.
- Routed protocols define the format and use of packet fields.
- Examples of routed protocols include IP and Novell's IPX.
- A routing protocol provides mechanisms for sharing routing information between routers.
- Routing protocol messages do not carry end-user traffic from network to network.
Types of Routing
- Static routing: routes to destinations are set up manually in the router.
- Dynamic routing: routes are adapted based on changing network conditions.
- Types of dynamic routing include:
- Distance vector routing
- Link state routing
Dynamic Routing Operations
- Two basic router functions are essential for dynamic routing:
- Maintenance of a routing table
- Timely distribution of knowledge to other routers through routing updates
- Dynamic routing relies on a routing protocol to disseminate knowledge.
Convergence
- Convergence refers to the consistency and accuracy of network topology information among routers.
- The network is considered to have converged when all routers contain consistent information.
Representing Distance with Metrics
- Routing algorithms use metrics to determine the best path for forwarding packets.
- Metrics can be based on distance, number of hops, or estimated transit time.
- Distance vector algorithms accumulate network distances to maintain a database of network topology information.
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Test your knowledge of IP routing principles and switching concepts, including packet forwarding and data signal direction.
