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What is the primary function of the path determination function in a router?

  • To select the most appropriate interface for forwarding a packet (correct)
  • To broadcast packets to all possible destinations
  • To assign addresses to network elements
  • To forward packets on the same interface

    • What is a prerequisite for performing routing?

  • Designing an addressing plan (correct)
  • Implementing a routing table
  • Broadcasting packets
  • Configuring a router

    • What is the main advantage of Subnetting?

  • It uses a fairly simple implementation model (correct)
  • It is not scalable
  • It provides a complex implementation model
  • It is not flexible

    • What is the primary reason why routing is used almost exclusively at the IP level?

    <p>To construct large networks in which heavy broadcasting or huge routing tables are not feasible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of assigning addresses to network elements?

    <p>To facilitate data delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common design plan used in IP addressing?

    <p>IP Address Classes, Subnetting, and CIDR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the switching function in a router?

    <p>To accept a packet on one interface and forward it on a second interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of IP addressing design?

    <p>Addresses are broken into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most stable configuration in routing?

    <p>Static routing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the routing tables as networks grow in size?

    <p>They grow proportionately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of routing algorithms and protocols?

    <p>To select the least-cost path to the destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it not possible to have every router keep an entry of every other router in the network?

    <p>Due to the large size of the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of forcing dynamic routing on situations that do not need it?

    <p>It is a waste of bandwidth, effort, and money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assigning costs to network paths?

    <p>To select the least-cost path to the destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of having large routing tables?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hierarchical routing approach similar to?

    <p>A telephone network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a router in Figure 2?

    <p>To pass the packet to the best network along the path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination network address of the packet sent out through interface S0 of Router 1?

    <p>100.1.0.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interface through which a packet destined for network 100.4.0.0 should be sent out from Router 1?

    <p>S2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Router 2 in Figure 2?

    <p>The next hop, or router, along the path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the table in Figure 2?

    <p>It shows the best network along the path for each destination network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using network layer addresses in routing?

    <p>To determine the best path to the destination network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the path determination function in routing?

    <p>To determine the best path to the destination network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Router 1 and Router 2 in Figure 2?

    <p>Router 2 is the next hop for Router 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of a networking switch?

    <p>Speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of IP routing?

    <p>To send packets from a host on one network to another host on a different remote network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used by IP routers to determine the next-hop address?

    <p>Routing tables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a normal bridge and a layer 3 switch?

    <p>Routing capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of RAM buffers in normal bridges and routers?

    <p>To store packets temporarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using special silicon chips in switches?

    <p>Faster packet forwarding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a layer 2 switch?

    <p>Bridge packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of an electrical switch?

    <p>Introduces no resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of routing in a network?

    <p>To select the best path for packet transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trade-off between fairness and optimality in packet transmission?

    <p>Higher throughput at the cost of fairness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ARP table in a router?

    <p>To map IP addresses to MAC addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the routing table in a router?

    <p>To store routing information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why routers employ two basic functions?

    <p>To relay packets from one data link to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the routing table and the ARP table in a router?

    <p>The ARP table is used to map IP addresses to routing information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a routing algorithm?

    <p>Improved packet transmission efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consideration in designing a routing algorithm?

    <p>Keeping overhead processing required to a minimum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination network address of the packet sent out through interface S1 of Router 1?

    <p>100.2.0.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interface should a packet destined for network 100.3.0.0 be sent out from Router 1?

    <p>S2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Router 1 in Figure 2?

    <p>To pass packets to the best network along the path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the table in Figure 2?

    <p>To show the relationship between routers and networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using network layer addresses in routing?

    <p>To enable hierarchical routing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Router 2 in Figure 2?

    <p>To act as the next hop along the path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a packet destined for network 100.1.0.0 arrives at Router 1?

    <p>Router 1 sends the packet out through interface S0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of routing in a network?

    <p>To forward packets to their final destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of dynamic routing?

    <p>It consumes a lot of bandwidth and processor time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for hierarchical routing?

    <p>To make networks more scalable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do routing algorithms and protocols determine?

    <p>The least-cost path to the destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to routing tables as networks grow?

    <p>They grow proportionately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of IP routing?

    <p>To determine the next-hop address and forward it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is static routing considered stable?

    <p>Because it is less prone to changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a normal bridge and a layer 3 switch?

    <p>A normal bridge bridges whereas a layer 3 switch routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of having large routing tables?

    <p>Router processor time increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of hierarchical routing?

    <p>It makes networks more scalable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used by IP routers to determine the next-hop address?

    <p>Routing tables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of a networking switch?

    <p>Speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assigning costs to network paths?

    <p>To select the least-cost path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to packets in RAM buffers?

    <p>They are stored temporarily while being processed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using special silicon chips in switches?

    <p>They forward packets directly from source to destination without passing through RAM buffers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a layer 2 switch?

    <p>To bridge packets to their destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an electrical switch similar to?

    <p>A wire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of routing in a network?

    <p>To determine the best path for packet transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to keep overhead processing to a minimum in routers?

    <p>To ensure the efficiency of the routing algorithm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of prioritizing packet transmission between adjacent stations?

    <p>Higher throughput but unfairness to distant stations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ARP table in a router?

    <p>To map IP addresses to MAC addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the routing table in a router?

    <p>To determine the path for packet transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trade-off between fairness and optimality in packet transmission?

    <p>Higher throughput but unfairness to distant stations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assigning network layer addresses in routing?

    <p>To identify the source and destination of packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a router in a network?

    <p>To relay packets from one data link to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of breaking addresses into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy?

    <p>To permit addresses to be handled in blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common design plan used in IP addressing?

    <p>IP Address Classes and Subnetting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using Subnetting in IP addressing?

    <p>It provides great flexibility with a simple implementation model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of assigning addresses to network elements?

    <p>It permits routers to forward packets without broadcasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration in designing a plan for assigning addresses?

    <p>The features provided by router manufacturers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of extracting path information from addresses in switching nodes?

    <p>To permit routers to forward packets efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary constraint in designing an addressing plan?

    <p>The features provided by router manufacturers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of IP addressing design?

    <p>It is hierarchical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination network address of the packet sent out through interface S0 of Router 1?

    <p>100.1.0.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the table in Figure 2?

    <p>To illustrate the network layer addresses and their corresponding ports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Router 1 in Figure 2?

    <p>To route packets to their destination networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interface through which a packet destined for network 100.4.0.0 should be sent out from Router 1?

    <p>S2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Router 2 in Figure 2?

    <p>To forward packets to the next hop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using network layer addresses in routing?

    <p>To enable routers to forward packets to their destination networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a packet destined for network 100.1.0.0 arrives at Router 1?

    <p>The packet is sent out through interface S0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of routing in a network?

    <p>To enable routers to forward packets to their destination networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a hierarchical address assignment scheme?

    <p>It enables routers to forward packets without relying on a complete listing of all possible destinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Subnetting?

    <p>It provides great flexibility while using a fairly simple implementation model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of breaking addresses into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy?

    <p>To facilitate data delivery by allowing addresses to be handled in blocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common design plan used in IP addressing?

    <p>IP Address Classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prerequisite for performing routing?

    <p>A plan must exist by which addresses are assigned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using CIDR?

    <p>It enables routers to forward packets without relying on broadcasting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the implementation phase of routing?

    <p>To extract path information from addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a hierarchical addressing scheme?

    <p>It enables routers to forward packets efficiently without relying on broadcasting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of prioritizing packet transmission between adjacent stations over distant stations?

    <p>Higher throughput but unfair to distant stations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration in designing a routing algorithm?

    <p>Minimizing overhead processing required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the path determination function in a router?

    <p>To determine the next-hop address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trade-off between fairness and optimality in packet transmission?

    <p>Optimality is prioritized over fairness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the routing table in a router?

    <p>To determine the next-hop address for packet transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of forcing dynamic routing on situations that do not need it?

    <p>Inefficient use of network resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using network layer addresses in routing?

    <p>Improved routing efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the routing table and the ARP table in a router?

    <p>The two tables are independent of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a router in IP routing?

    <p>To examine the destination IP address of a packet and determine the next-hop address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a normal bridge and a layer 3 switch?

    <p>Normal bridges use RAM buffers, while layer 3 switches use special silicon chips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of a networking switch?

    <p>Speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do IP routers use to determine the next-hop address?

    <p>Routing tables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a layer 2 switch?

    <p>To bridge networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using special silicon chips in switches?

    <p>They can forward packets directly from source to destination without passing through RAM buffers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of routing in a network?

    <p>To send packets from a host on one network to another host on a different remote network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of an electrical switch?

    <p>It introduces no resistance, no attenuation, no delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when assigning costs to network paths?

    <p>Selecting the least-cost path to the destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of large routing tables?

    <p>They consume processor time and bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hierarchical routing?

    <p>To route packets efficiently in large networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using static routing?

    <p>It consumes less bandwidth and effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why dynamic routing is not always necessary?

    <p>It is a waste of bandwidth, effort, and money in certain situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of routing algorithms and protocols?

    <p>To determine the least-cost path to the destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of having large networks?

    <p>Routing tables grow proportionately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using hierarchical routing?

    <p>It makes routing more efficient in large networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a routed protocol?

    <p>It defines the format and use of packet fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of assigning addresses to network elements?

    <p>To provide network-layer addressing information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of planning for routing in new network installations?

    <p>Enabling easier addition of routers in strategic locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a routing protocol?

    <p>To update and maintain routing tables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between static and dynamic routing?

    <p>Static routing is manual, while dynamic routing is automatic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to centralize addressing authority in a network?

    <p>To ensure that addresses are assigned in accordance with the design plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using routing at the IP level?

    <p>Because it is almost always used in the Internet environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when designing an addressing scheme for a network?

    <p>Enabling routing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main trade-off in packet transmission?

    <p>Between fairness and optimality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of routing in a network?

    <p>To ensure fairness and optimality in packet transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the routing table and the ARP table in a router?

    <p>The routing table is used to determine the ARP table entries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a routing algorithm?

    <p>To determine the most efficient path between two nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consideration in designing a routing algorithm?

    <p>Minimizing overhead processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using network layer addresses in routing?

    <p>To enable efficient routing of packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the routing table in a router?

    <p>To determine the next-hop address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a router in a network?

    <p>To relay packets between data links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information do addresses convey to facilitate data delivery?

    <p>Partial information about where a host is located</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of IP addressing design that enables routers to forward packets without broadcasting?

    <p>Hierarchical structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using Subnetting in IP addressing?

    <p>Greater flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in classifying adaptive algorithms?

    <p>The source of information used by the algorithm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why IP routing is used almost exclusively at the IP level?

    <p>To avoid broadcasting and large routing tables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a routing algorithm when updating the routing table?

    <p>To determine the best information to include in the table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as convergence in dynamic routing?

    <p>The consistent and accurate information about the network topology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the design and implementation of IP addressing?

    <p>The implementation is limited by the design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a routing protocol in dynamic routing?

    <p>To define the set of rules for router communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a router in a network?

    <p>To accept packets on one interface and forward them on another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using hierarchical routing in large networks?

    <p>Increased scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the number generated by a routing algorithm for each path through the network?

    <p>Metric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of assigning addresses to network elements in a hierarchical structure?

    <p>Increased routing efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two basic functions that dynamic routing relies on?

    <p>Routing table maintenance and routing update distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a routing algorithm?

    <p>To determine the best information to include in the routing table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of all routers having consistent information about the network topology?

    <p>The network is considered to have converged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information do routers receive from other routers connected to the same network?

    <p>Distance vector information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a router adding a distance vector number to the routing table?

    <p>To increase the distance vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the similar concept to distance vector information in real life?

    <p>Signs at a highway intersection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of updating routing tables in distance vector algorithms?

    <p>Step-by-step process between directly connected neighbour routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of routers receiving information from other routers in distance vector algorithms?

    <p>Routers accumulate network distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of distance vector algorithms?

    <p>They do not allow a router to know the exact topology of an internetwork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do routers update their routing tables in distance vector algorithms?

    <p>By receiving information from other routers and adding a distance vector number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of distance vector algorithms?

    <p>To maintain a database of network topology information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    IP Routing Principles

    • IP Routing is a process that sends packets from a host on one network to another host on a different remote network.
    • It helps examine the destination IP address of a packet, determine the next-hop address, and forward it.

    Switching

    • A networking switch is designed to behave like an electrical switch, directing data signals to one of several wires.
    • Its primary feature is speed, and it appears like a wire when relaying data signals.
    • Layer 2 switches bridge, whereas layer 3 switches route.
    • Switches use special silicon chips to forward packets directly from source to destination without passing through RAM buffers.

    Routing and Network Layer Addresses

    • Routers relay a packet from one data link to another.
    • To relay a packet, a router employs two basic functions:
      • Path determination function
      • Switching function
    • A router knows that the packet should be sent out on a specific port based on the network portion of the address.

    Routing Functions

    • Path determination function: determines the best direction to send the packet out.
    • Switching function: enables a router to accept a packet on one interface and forward it on a second interface.

    Prerequisites for Routing

    • Design: a plan must exist for assigning addresses, typically broken into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy.
    • Implementation: the design plan must be implemented in switching nodes, which must be able to extract path information from the addresses.

    Routing Algorithms and Protocols

    • Routing algorithms and protocols form the core of the Internet.
    • Network engineers assign costs to network paths, and routing protocols select the least-cost path to the destination.

    Types of Routing

    • Static Routing: a plan must exist by which addresses are assigned.
    • Default Routing: a default route is used when a router does not know where to send a packet.
    • Dynamic Routing: routers update their routing tables based on changes in the network.

    Routing Updates

    • Routing updates are used to inform other routers of changes in the network.
    • Figure 4 illustrates dynamic routing, where routers update their routing tables based on changes in the network.

    Limitations of Routing

    • As networks grow in size, the routing tables also grow proportionately, consuming considerable router memory.
    • The processor time is eaten up in scanning these tables and bandwidth is consumed in sending status reports about the updated routing tables.
    • Ultimately, the routing has to be done hierarchically, similar to a telephone network.

    IP Routing Principles

    • IP Routing is a process that sends packets from a host on one network to another host on a different remote network.
    • It helps examine the destination IP address of a packet, determine the next-hop address, and forward it.

    Switching

    • A networking switch is designed to behave like an electrical switch, directing data signals to one of several wires.
    • Its primary feature is speed, and it appears like a wire when relaying data signals.
    • Layer 2 switches bridge, whereas layer 3 switches route.
    • Switches use special silicon chips to forward packets directly from source to destination without passing through RAM buffers.

    Routing and Network Layer Addresses

    • Routers relay a packet from one data link to another.
    • To relay a packet, a router employs two basic functions:
      • Path determination function
      • Switching function
    • A router knows that the packet should be sent out on a specific port based on the network portion of the address.

    Routing Functions

    • Path determination function: determines the best direction to send the packet out.
    • Switching function: enables a router to accept a packet on one interface and forward it on a second interface.

    Prerequisites for Routing

    • Design: a plan must exist for assigning addresses, typically broken into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy.
    • Implementation: the design plan must be implemented in switching nodes, which must be able to extract path information from the addresses.

    Routing Algorithms and Protocols

    • Routing algorithms and protocols form the core of the Internet.
    • Network engineers assign costs to network paths, and routing protocols select the least-cost path to the destination.

    Types of Routing

    • Static Routing: a plan must exist by which addresses are assigned.
    • Default Routing: a default route is used when a router does not know where to send a packet.
    • Dynamic Routing: routers update their routing tables based on changes in the network.

    Routing Updates

    • Routing updates are used to inform other routers of changes in the network.
    • Figure 4 illustrates dynamic routing, where routers update their routing tables based on changes in the network.

    Limitations of Routing

    • As networks grow in size, the routing tables also grow proportionately, consuming considerable router memory.
    • The processor time is eaten up in scanning these tables and bandwidth is consumed in sending status reports about the updated routing tables.
    • Ultimately, the routing has to be done hierarchically, similar to a telephone network.

    IP Routing Principles

    • IP Routing is a process that sends packets from a host on one network to another host on a different remote network.
    • It helps examine the destination IP address of a packet, determine the next-hop address, and forward it.

    Switching

    • A networking switch is designed to behave like an electrical switch, directing data signals to one of several wires.
    • Its primary feature is speed, and it appears like a wire when relaying data signals.
    • Layer 2 switches bridge, whereas layer 3 switches route.
    • Switches use special silicon chips to forward packets directly from source to destination without passing through RAM buffers.

    Routing and Network Layer Addresses

    • Routers relay a packet from one data link to another.
    • To relay a packet, a router employs two basic functions:
      • Path determination function
      • Switching function
    • A router knows that the packet should be sent out on a specific port based on the network portion of the address.

    Routing Functions

    • Path determination function: determines the best direction to send the packet out.
    • Switching function: enables a router to accept a packet on one interface and forward it on a second interface.

    Prerequisites for Routing

    • Design: a plan must exist for assigning addresses, typically broken into fields corresponding to levels in a physical hierarchy.
    • Implementation: the design plan must be implemented in switching nodes, which must be able to extract path information from the addresses.

    Routing Algorithms and Protocols

    • Routing algorithms and protocols form the core of the Internet.
    • Network engineers assign costs to network paths, and routing protocols select the least-cost path to the destination.

    Types of Routing

    • Static Routing: a plan must exist by which addresses are assigned.
    • Default Routing: a default route is used when a router does not know where to send a packet.
    • Dynamic Routing: routers update their routing tables based on changes in the network.

    Routing Updates

    • Routing updates are used to inform other routers of changes in the network.
    • Figure 4 illustrates dynamic routing, where routers update their routing tables based on changes in the network.

    Limitations of Routing

    • As networks grow in size, the routing tables also grow proportionately, consuming considerable router memory.
    • The processor time is eaten up in scanning these tables and bandwidth is consumed in sending status reports about the updated routing tables.
    • Ultimately, the routing has to be done hierarchically, similar to a telephone network.

    Routing Principles

    • Fairness and optimality are competing requirements in routing, with a trade-off between the two.
    • Performance criteria may prioritize packet transportation between adjacent stations over distant stations, resulting in higher throughput but unfairness to distant stations.
    • Efficiency of a routing technique is determined by the minimum overhead processing required.

    Routing Table and ARP Table

    • A routing table is used to select the best path for forwarding packets.
    • An ARP table is used to map IP addresses to physical addresses.

    Routing and Network Layer Addresses

    • Routers relay packets between data links using two basic functions: path determination and switching.
    • Path determination selects the most appropriate interface for forwarding packets, while switching enables forwarding packets between interfaces.
    • Routing assumes that addresses convey partial information about host locations, allowing routers to forward packets without broadcasting or complete listing of destinations.
    • Three prerequisites for routing are:
      • Design: a plan for assigning addresses, typically broken into fields corresponding to physical hierarchy levels.
      • Implementation: the design plan must be implemented in switching nodes, which extract path information from addresses.
      • Enforcement: the plan must be enforced in host addressing, with centralized addressing authority.

    Routing Protocols

    • A routed protocol is a protocol that contains sufficient network-layer addressing information for user traffic to be directed from one network to another.
    • Routed protocols define the format and use of packet fields.
    • Examples of routed protocols include IP and Novell's IPX.
    • A routing protocol provides mechanisms for sharing routing information between routers.
    • Routing protocol messages do not carry end-user traffic from network to network.

    Types of Routing

    • Static routing: routes to destinations are set up manually in the router.
    • Dynamic routing: routes are adapted based on changing network conditions.
    • Types of dynamic routing include:
      • Distance vector routing
      • Link state routing

    Dynamic Routing Operations

    • Two basic router functions are essential for dynamic routing:
      • Maintenance of a routing table
      • Timely distribution of knowledge to other routers through routing updates
    • Dynamic routing relies on a routing protocol to disseminate knowledge.

    Convergence

    • Convergence refers to the consistency and accuracy of network topology information among routers.
    • The network is considered to have converged when all routers contain consistent information.

    Representing Distance with Metrics

    • Routing algorithms use metrics to determine the best path for forwarding packets.
    • Metrics can be based on distance, number of hops, or estimated transit time.
    • Distance vector algorithms accumulate network distances to maintain a database of network topology information.

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    Test your knowledge of IP routing principles and switching concepts, including packet forwarding and data signal direction.

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