Networking Essentials: TCP Protocol

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the sequence number in TCP?

To assign a unique port number to the sender

To ensure flow control by preventing a destination from being overwhelmed by data

To label segments so that they can be reassembled in the correct order (correct)

To establish a connection between hosts

What is the maximum frame size that can be sent by Ethernet?

4096 bytes

1518 bytes (correct)

1024 bytes

2048 bytes

What is the third step in the TCP handshake process?

Alice sends an ACK message (correct)

Bob sends a SYN-ACK message

Alice sends a SYN message

Bob sends a SYN message

What is the primary function of the Internetwork layer?

To route packets through an internetwork and resolve MAC addresses from IP addresses Signup and view all the answers

What happens if no acknowledgement is received within a specified period of time during a TCP connection?

The sending station will retransmit from the point at which an acknowledgement was last received Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the window size in TCP?

To ensure flow control by preventing a destination from being overwhelmed by data Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the TCP handshake process?

Alice sends a SYN message Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of establishing a connection in TCP?

To provide reliability and guarantee delivery of data Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer responsible for routing packets through an internetwork and resolving MAC addresses from IP addresses?

Internetwork layer Signup and view all the answers

In the TCP handshake process, what type of segment is sent by the client to initiate the connection?

SYN segment Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ACK-SYN segment in the TCP handshake process?

To acknowledge the connection request and synchronize sequence numbers Signup and view all the answers

How does TCP ensure flow control?

With acknowledgements Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the RST segment in the TCP handshake process?

To refuse the connection request Signup and view all the answers

How is the source port assigned in the TCP handshake process?

Dynamically by the client Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of segmenting large chunks of data in TCP?

To ensure reliability of data transfer Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the TCP handshake process?

Sending an ACK segment by the client Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum size of an Ethernet frame?

1514 bytes Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol is used to access a Windows computer remotely by using the Windows GUI?

RDP Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the TCP header field?

To identify the Application layer Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol is connection-oriented and designed for reliable transfer of information in complex internetworks?

TCP Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Transport layer?

To provide a means to identify the source and destination applications Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of segmentation in the Transport layer?

To break down data into smaller units Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol uses TCP port 22?

SSH Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the checksum in the Transport layer?

To protect data from errors Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Transport layer in providing reliability and flow control?

To ensure data is delivered in the correct order Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sequence numbers in the Transport layer?

To ensure data is delivered in the correct order Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

TCP provides reliability by establishing a connection, segmenting large chunks of data, and ensuring flow control with acknowledgements
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, establishing a connection with the destination, transferring data, and then breaking the connection

Establishing a Connection: The TCP Handshake

A client sends a TCP synchronization (SYN) segment to the destination device, specifying a destination port and assigning a source port dynamically
The server responds with either an acknowledgement-synchronization (ACK-SYN) segment or a reset connection (RST) segment
If an ACK-SYN is returned, the client completes the three-way handshake by sending an ACK segment back to the server

Segmenting Data

TCP breaks data into smaller segments, labeled with a sequence number, to ensure correct reassembly if segments arrive out of order
The maximum frame size sent by Ethernet is 1518 bytes

Ensuring Flow Control with Acknowledgements

Flow control prevents a destination from becoming overwhelmed by data, resulting in dropped packets
TCP establishes a maximum number of bytes (window size) that can be sent before the destination must acknowledge receipt of data
If no acknowledgement is received within a specified period, the sending station retransmits from the last acknowledged point

IP (Internet Protocol)

IP is the heart of the TCP/IP protocol suite, operating in the Internetwork layer
IP is responsible for:
- Defining and verifying IP addresses
- Routing packets through an internetwork
- Resolving MAC addresses from IP addresses
- Delivering packets efficiently

IP Header

The IP header contains source and destination IP addresses, among other information

Data Link Layer

The Data Link layer (Layer 2) is where MAC addresses are used
The maximum size of an Ethernet frame is 1514 bytes

Application Layer

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is used to access a Windows computer remotely using the Windows GUI
Telnet and Secure Shell (SSH) are used to connect to a device across a network via a command-line interface
SSH provides an encrypted channel between the client and server

Domain Name System (DNS)

DNS is a name-to-address resolution protocol that keeps a list of computer names and their IP addresses
DNS allows users to access a computer using its name instead of its IP address
DNS uses UDP and is typically used in a single packet of data

Transport-Layer Protocols

TCP provides reliability and flow control for applications that typically transfer a large amount of data
UDP is connectionless and designed for efficient communication of small amounts of data
TCP vs UDP:
- Both work with segments or datagrams
- Both provide a means to identify the source and destination applications involved in a communication
- Both protect data with a checksum

Role of the Transport Layer

The Transport layer has two protocols: TCP and UDP
TCP is connection-oriented and designed for reliable transfer of information in complex internetworks
UDP is connectionless and designed for efficient communication of generally small amounts of data

Working with Segments and Datagrams

Transport-layer protocols work with units of data called segments (TCP) or datagrams (UDP)
Both TCP and UDP add a header to data, which is then passed to the Internetwork protocol (IP) for transmission
With incoming data, the Transport-layer protocol receives the segment from the Internetwork protocol, processes it, and de-encapsulates it before sending the resulting data up to the Application layer

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Description

Learn about the reliability features of TCP, a connection-oriented protocol, in networking essentials.