Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does HTTP primarily govern in computer networks?
What does HTTP primarily govern in computer networks?
Which protocol is designed to securely transfer web content?
Which protocol is designed to securely transfer web content?
Which HTTP method is used for updating a resource on a server?
Which HTTP method is used for updating a resource on a server?
What is the main function of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)?
What is the main function of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)?
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What is the purpose of a subnet mask in a subnetted network?
What is the purpose of a subnet mask in a subnetted network?
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Which layer of the OSI model focuses on network communications for applications?
Which layer of the OSI model focuses on network communications for applications?
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What do the acronyms IMAP and POP3 stand for in relation to email protocols?
What do the acronyms IMAP and POP3 stand for in relation to email protocols?
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Which statement correctly describes the difference between IMAP and POP3?
Which statement correctly describes the difference between IMAP and POP3?
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What is the primary function of a server in the client-server model?
What is the primary function of a server in the client-server model?
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Which statement best describes the benefit of using a server rather than individual computers for file storage?
Which statement best describes the benefit of using a server rather than individual computers for file storage?
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What role do clients play in the client-server model?
What role do clients play in the client-server model?
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What happens to a client’s ability to access server resources when the client computer is turned off?
What happens to a client’s ability to access server resources when the client computer is turned off?
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In a client-server model, what is a potential disadvantage of using a centralized server?
In a client-server model, what is a potential disadvantage of using a centralized server?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical task handled by a server in the client-server model?
Which of the following is NOT a typical task handled by a server in the client-server model?
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Which scenario exemplifies the use of a client-server model effectively?
Which scenario exemplifies the use of a client-server model effectively?
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What is a key characteristic of the client-server model?
What is a key characteristic of the client-server model?
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What is the default TCP port used by HTTP for client connections?
What is the default TCP port used by HTTP for client connections?
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What does HTTPS combine with HTTP to provide secure data transmission?
What does HTTPS combine with HTTP to provide secure data transmission?
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Which encryption technology is used by secured websites that use HTTPS?
Which encryption technology is used by secured websites that use HTTPS?
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What is the default port used by HTTPS for secure HTTP communications?
What is the default port used by HTTPS for secure HTTP communications?
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What is one major disadvantage of using HTTP?
What is one major disadvantage of using HTTP?
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Which protocol is primarily used to send email messages between servers?
Which protocol is primarily used to send email messages between servers?
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What must a web browser support in order to access a secured website?
What must a web browser support in order to access a secured website?
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Which protocol is commonly used to retrieve email messages from a mail server?
Which protocol is commonly used to retrieve email messages from a mail server?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Networking
- This is an introduction to networking course.
- The course is called IT 112.
- The university is Majmaah University.
Networking Basics
- This section covers the fundamentals of networking.
Key Terms
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Network Interface: A component that allows a device to connect to a network.
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Network Cable: A physical cable used for connecting devices in a network.
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Wall Jack: A physical connection point for wired network cables.
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Local Area Network (LAN): A group of interconnected devices in a limited geographical area, like a building.
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Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that spans over a large geographical area, connecting various LANs.
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A network covering a city or a larger campus area.
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Bus Topology: Data travels along a single cable, connecting all devices.
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Ring Topology: Data travels in a circle around all devices.
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Star Topology: All devices connect to a central hub/switch.
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Mesh Topology: Multiple paths exist between devices.
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Physical Address (MAC Address): A unique identifier for a network interface card.
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Logical Address (IP Address): A unique address assigned to devices to enable communication within a network.
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Default Address Class: A predefined range of IP addresses.
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Internet Protocol (IP): A protocol that governs how data is routed across the internet.
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Modem: Converts signals from the ISP to a format computers understand.
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Router: Routes data packets between different networks.
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Switch: Connects and manages communication between devices on the same network.
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Access Point: Connects devices wirelessly to a network.
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Firewall: Filters and controls network traffic to protect against unauthorized access.
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Home Router: A router designed for home use, integrating modem, firewall, routing and switching.
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Registered Jack 1 (RJ-11) Interface: A connector designed for telephone lines.
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Registered Jack 45 (RJ-45) Interface: A connector commonly used for network cables.
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Bluetooth: A short-range wireless communication technology.
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Near Field Communication (NFC): A short-range wireless technology for secure communication.
Connecting to a network
- A network is a group of interconnected computer systems.
- Information is broken down into small packets to travel through different paths efficiently.
- Clients request resources from servers.
Wired Network Components
- Network Interface: Provides an RJ-45 port for connecting network cables.
- Wall Jack: Provides a connection point for network cables.
- Network Cable: Connects computers to the network.
Wired Network Components (details)
- Network Cable: Connects network devices.
- Coaxial Cable: Uses an inner wire for data transmission.
- Twisted Pair Cable: Transmits data through twisted wires for improved signal quality.
Coaxial
- Different components (sheath, conductor, inslator, shield and jacket)
- F-type
Twisted Pair
- Categories (CAT 5e & CAT6)
- Types (UTP & STP)
- Foil shields (STP)
Fiber Optic
- Types (single-mode & multi-mode)
- Features (speed, cable length, data channels)
Wireless Internet Services
- Wireless services might be cheaper/easier to install.
- Microwave Satellite
- Cellular radio (GSM, TIA/EIA)
- Long Term Evolution (LTE)
- Radio Frequency
Wireless Networking Connection
- Wireless networks use radio signals.
- Computers need a wireless interface or adapter.
- Laptops and notebooks often have integrated wireless connections.
Types of Wireless Hardware
- Add-on cards (PCI/PCIe)
- USB adapters
- Internal adapters
Network Categories
- LAN: Local devices (same building)
- WAN: Larger location; Multiple LANs
- MAN: Between LAN and WAN; usually a city
LAN Benefits
- Sharing of internet connections, printers and files
Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Spans large areas by connecting multiple LANs to form a larger network.
- Routers/dedicated lines between LANs
- The internet is a large WAN.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- A network that covers a geographical area larger than a LAN, but smaller than a WAN, typically a city
Network Composition/Area & Feature
- LAN: Few devices, limited geographical area; file, printer sharing
- MAN: Many devices, larger geographical area; similar to LAN
- WAN: Connected LANs over a very large geographical area; uses VPNs, shares applications and firewalls.
Device Addresses
- Every device on a network needs a unique address for communication.
- Addresses are similar to mailing addresses in structure.
- A unique address is needed for each device.
- Network addresses break down into parts to clarify location of information.
Physical address
- MAC Addresses are unique physical addresses burned into the ROM part of the device.
- MAC addresses are not modifiable.
- Each MAC address is globally unique.
Logical addresses
- Logical addresses are assigned by software and can be changed.
- They consist of two parts: the network address and the host address.
- Devices on the same network segment share the same network address.
- Every device needs a logical host address to be unique.
IP Addresses
- An IP address is a logical address used for communication in networks.
- It is a 32-bit binary address used in decimal format (four numbers separated by periods).
- The IP address consists of a network portion and a host address portion.
IP Address Classes
- Defines a range of addresses and a subnet mask
- A, B, C, D, and E for different ranges
IP Version 6
- Newer IP standard with far more addresses than Version 4.
- Uses a different format to identify devices.
Networking Devices - Modem
- Signal translation.
- Convert signals (light, electric) from the ISP for transmission via copper cables.
Router
- Routes data from one network to another network.
- Example: routing an email to the right ISP.
Switch
- Manages traffic between devices on the same network (e.g., within an office building).
- Directs data packets to the correct device.
Access Point
- A device enabling wireless communication in networks.
- It connects wireless devices to a network.
Firewall
- A security system that prevents unauthorized access to a network.
- Filters incoming and outgoing network traffic.
Home Router
- A device providing wireless connections in a home network.
- Combines modem, firewall, routing & switching abilities.
Networking Interfaces (specific)
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RJ-11: Telephone lines
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RJ-45: Ethernet cables
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Bluetooth: Short-range wireless connections.
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NFC: Short-range data exchange for devices like smartphones
Networking Interfaces (General)
- RFID: Tracking objects
- passive/active RFID
- fixed infrastructure RFID Readers
- Near Field Communication (NFC) technology.
Virtual LAN (VLAN)
- Logical grouping of computers based on switch port for segmentation.
- Used to set varying security requirements.
- VLAN is configured via assigning switch port to a VLAN
Virtual LAN (VLAN) (Details)
- Network media refers to the communication channels.
- Coaxial cable, twisted pair cables, fiber optic cables and radio waves are used as media in networks
Screened Subnet (DMZ)
- A network segment between a private network and an untrusted network, such as the internet.
- Firewalls commonly in use.
- It is a security zone.
- Traffic from untrusted networks is screened.
- Protects the inner network.
Client-Server Model
- Servers hold the resources.
- Clients use the servers.
- Clients access network services, like printers despite the server being turned off.
Connecting to a network (details)
- Networks of various sizes (home, office, large networks, internet)
- Distinctions and properties of clients and servers
- How computers function as both server and client.
Class Discussion
- Hardware required for wired vs. wireless
- Components, speed and connectivity requirements
Key Definitions
- Attenuation - Decrease in signal strength
- Speed - Data transfer rate in bits per second
- Ethernet
- Wi-Fi/Bluetooth
- Specific data transmission
Internet Protocols
- Specific protocols used for internet activity.
- TCP, UDP, DNS, HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, DHCP, Subnetting, Subnet Mask
OSI Model/TCP/IP Model
- Two ways to visualize and understand how networking works
Application Layer
- Contains high-level protocols for applications and network services
Transport Layer
- Responsible for reliable delivery and error checking of data packets over the network.
- TCP/IP
- UDP
Internet Layer
- Maintains protocols to direct packets between networks.
- TCP/IP Protocol
- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
- Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
- Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
Link Layer
- This layer manages the physical aspect of communications (transmit/receive data bits)
Internet Protocols (Details)
- TCP (Transmission control protocol)
- UDP (User datagram protocol)
- Details about data packets, headers and transmission.
DNS (Domain Name System)
- Translates human-readable domains to machine-readable IP addresses.
- DNS is used by web browsers to access online resources.
- It uses port 53
HTTP and HTTPS
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Defining protocol (HTTP) that manages web content transmission
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Defining a protocol with security (HTTPS)
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Defining a protocol (SSL) that encrypts sensitive information within the network.
SSL/TLS
- Secure Socket Layer / Transport Layer Security (for secure web connections)
- Encryption technology for secure website connections (HTTPS)
- Operations on port 443.
Email Protocols and Services
SMTP
- Protocol for sending emails.
- Most email systems use SMTP to send messages.
POP3
- Protocol for receiving emails.
- Email is deleted from the server immediately after being downloaded to the client.
IMAP
- Protocol for receiving emails.
- Email is stored on the mail server until deleted.
- Access to information across multiple devices.
- Using port 143
Subnetting
- Dividing a network into smaller subnets.
- Subnet mask is used to delineate network vs. host addresses
Class Discussion (Details)
- Discussion about when to use TCP/UDP
- Importance of communications protocols in the network
- Relationship between subnet masks, IP addresses and the binary number system
Questions
- No specific questions presented for this section.
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Description
Test your knowledge of fundamental concepts in computer networking with this quiz. Covering topics such as HTTP, DHCP, and email protocols, you'll gain a deeper understanding of how networks operate and the roles of different protocols. Ideal for students studying networking fundamentals.
