Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the maximum value that each octet in an IPv4 address can have?
What is the maximum value that each octet in an IPv4 address can have?
Which of the following is NOT a class of IPv4 addresses?
Which of the following is NOT a class of IPv4 addresses?
What are the two modes available for the 'nslookup' command?
What are the two modes available for the 'nslookup' command?
What is the purpose of using 'nslookup'?
What is the purpose of using 'nslookup'?
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Which of the following IP address ranges is RECOMMENDED for private networks?
Which of the following IP address ranges is RECOMMENDED for private networks?
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What command can be utilized to switch DNS servers within 'nslookup's' interactive mode?
What command can be utilized to switch DNS servers within 'nslookup's' interactive mode?
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What is the purpose of using private IP addresses?
What is the purpose of using private IP addresses?
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How do you exit from 'nslookup's' interactive mode?
How do you exit from 'nslookup's' interactive mode?
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What does the term 'octet' refer to in the context of IPv4 addresses?
What does the term 'octet' refer to in the context of IPv4 addresses?
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What does the term 'DNS' stand for in 'nslookup'?
What does the term 'DNS' stand for in 'nslookup'?
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How many bits are in each block of an IPv6 address?
How many bits are in each block of an IPv6 address?
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What does the term 'Dual stacked' refer to in IPv6?
What does the term 'Dual stacked' refer to in IPv6?
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What is the purpose of the Interface ID portion of an IPv6 address?
What is the purpose of the Interface ID portion of an IPv6 address?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of IPv6 address?
Which of the following is NOT a type of IPv6 address?
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What is the term for an IPv6 address that can be used to communicate with any node on a network?
What is the term for an IPv6 address that can be used to communicate with any node on a network?
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Which type of IPv6 address can be used to route traffic on the internet?
Which type of IPv6 address can be used to route traffic on the internet?
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What is the term for a network that is bounded by routers?
What is the term for a network that is bounded by routers?
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How can IPv6 packets be transported over an IPv4 network?
How can IPv6 packets be transported over an IPv4 network?
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What does the command 'ipconfig' primarily display on a Windows computer?
What does the command 'ipconfig' primarily display on a Windows computer?
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What additional information can be obtained by using the command 'ipconfig/all'?
What additional information can be obtained by using the command 'ipconfig/all'?
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Which of the following statements about 'ipconfig' is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about 'ipconfig' is incorrect?
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In what context can the information from 'ipconfig' be legally shared?
In what context can the information from 'ipconfig' be legally shared?
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What type of tool is 'ipconfig' considered in network management?
What type of tool is 'ipconfig' considered in network management?
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What is the primary purpose of the ping utility?
What is the primary purpose of the ping utility?
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Which command can be used on Windows to verify IPv6 connectivity?
Which command can be used on Windows to verify IPv6 connectivity?
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What is ICMP used for in the context of the ping utility?
What is ICMP used for in the context of the ping utility?
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Which command is specific to Linux for checking network connectivity?
Which command is specific to Linux for checking network connectivity?
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For the ping6 command to work over the Internet, what is required?
For the ping6 command to work over the Internet, what is required?
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What is an echo request in the context of the ping utility?
What is an echo request in the context of the ping utility?
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Which tool would you use to determine domain name resolution issues?
Which tool would you use to determine domain name resolution issues?
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What is the role of the 'dig' command in Linux?
What is the role of the 'dig' command in Linux?
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What device acts as an intermediary between a private network and other networks?
What device acts as an intermediary between a private network and other networks?
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Which of the following is NOT a common configuration error that can affect network connection?
Which of the following is NOT a common configuration error that can affect network connection?
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How is the MAC address structured?
How is the MAC address structured?
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What happens when a computer is not receiving an IP address from a DHCP server?
What happens when a computer is not receiving an IP address from a DHCP server?
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What does the first part of an IPv4 address identify?
What does the first part of an IPv4 address identify?
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Which organization is responsible for tracking domain names and IP address assignments?
Which organization is responsible for tracking domain names and IP address assignments?
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What is a DHCP scope?
What is a DHCP scope?
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Which of the following best describes a scenario where a computer is struggling to establish a network connection?
Which of the following best describes a scenario where a computer is struggling to establish a network connection?
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Flashcards
ipconfig
ipconfig
A command that shows current TCP/IP addressing and domain information on Windows.
ipconfig/all
ipconfig/all
A command that displays a more complete summary of TCP/IP addressing information.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, a set of rules for communication over the internet.
Domain Name Information
Domain Name Information
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Troubleshooting Tools
Troubleshooting Tools
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IPv4 Address
IPv4 Address
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Octets
Octets
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Classful Addressing
Classful Addressing
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Public IP Address
Public IP Address
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Private IP Address
Private IP Address
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ping
ping
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ICMP
ICMP
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nslookup
nslookup
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ping6
ping6
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ping -6
ping -6
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Hexadecimal Blocks
Hexadecimal Blocks
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Double Colons (::)
Double Colons (::)
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Global Unicast Address
Global Unicast Address
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Link Local Unicast Address
Link Local Unicast Address
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Multicast Address
Multicast Address
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Anycast Address
Anycast Address
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Tunneling
Tunneling
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Network Connection Configuration Issues
Network Connection Configuration Issues
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Incorrect Netmask
Incorrect Netmask
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Incorrect Gateway
Incorrect Gateway
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Duplicate IP Address
Duplicate IP Address
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TCP/IP Configuration
TCP/IP Configuration
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DHCP Server
DHCP Server
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IPv4 Address Structure
IPv4 Address Structure
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Gateway Device
Gateway Device
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Reverse DNS lookup
Reverse DNS lookup
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Interactive mode
Interactive mode
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Noninteractive mode
Noninteractive mode
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Change DNS server
Change DNS server
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Study Notes
Network+ Guide to Networks Eighth Edition - Chapter 3: Addressing on Networks
- Objectives for Chapter 3
- Find the MAC address of a computer and explain its function in network communications
- Configure TCP/IP settings on a computer, including IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers
- Explain the purpose of ports and sockets, and identify the ports of several common network protocols
- Describe domain names and the name resolution process
- Use command-line tools to troubleshoot problems with network addresses
Addressing Overview
- Four addressing methods
- Data Link layer MAC address
- 48 bits, written as six hexadecimal numbers separated by colons
- Also known as the physical address
- Network layer IP address
- IPv4 addresses have 32 bits and are written as four decimal numbers (octets)
- IPv6 addresses have 128 bits and are written as eight blocks of hexadecimal numbers
- Transport layer port numbers
- Application layer FQDNs, computer names, and host names
- Fully qualified domain name (FQDN) — A unique, character-based name
- Data Link layer MAC address
MAC Addresses
- Traditional MAC addresses have two parts
- First 24 bits are the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) or manufacturer ID
- Assigned by the IEEE
- Last 24 bits are the extension identifier or device ID
- Manufacturers assign each Network Interface Card (NIC) a unique device ID
- First 24 bits are the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) or manufacturer ID
IP Addresses (1 of 2)
- Static IP addresses are assigned manually by the network administrator
- Dynamic IP addresses are automatically assigned by a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server
- To view TCP/IP settings on a Windows 10 computer:
- Open Network and Sharing Center in Control Panel
- Click Change adapter settings
- Brief explanation of settings:
- Gateway - Device used for access to the outside world
- Subnet mask - Used to indicate the network portion (network ID) and host portion (host ID) of an IP address
- DNS server - Server responsible for tracking computer names and their IP addresses
IP Addresses (2 of 2)
- Using the
ipconfigutility in Command Prompt to find current TCP/IP settings - Two types of IP addresses:
- IPv4 - A 32-bit address
- IPv6 - A 128-bit address
IPv4 Addresses (1 of 7)
- IPv4 addresses are 32-bit addresses organized into four groups of 8 bits each (octets)
- Each octet can be any number from 0 to 255
- Some IP addresses are reserved
IPv4 Addresses (2 of 7)
- Classful addressing
- Dividing line between network and host portions is determined by the numerical range the IP address falls in
- Classful IPv4 addresses are divided into five classes
- Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E
- Classes A, B, and C are public IP addresses available for use on the internet
- A company can use private IP addresses on its private networks
- IEEE recommended IP addresses for private networks:
- 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 — For few networks/many hosts
- 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 — For many networks/hosts and many few hosts
IPv4 Addresses (3 of 7)
- Table of IP address classes
- Shows the network octets, approximate number of possible networks, and approximate number of IP addresses per network
IPv4 Addresses (4 of 7)
- Class D and E addresses are not available for general use
- Class D — Used for multicasting
- Class E — Used for research
- Table of reserved IP addresses
IPv4 Addresses (5 of 7)
- Network Address Translation (NAT) — Technique to conserve public IP addresses
- Address translation — Gateway device substitutes private IP addresses with its own public address
- Port Address Translation (PAT) — Process of assigning a TCP port number to each ongoing session between a local host and Internet host
IPv4 Addresses (6 of 7)
- Figure of Port Address Translation (PAT) showing network communication and how devices have translated IP addresses
IPv4 Addresses (7 of 7)
- Two variations of NAT
- SNAT (Static Network Address Translation) - Gateway assigns the same public IP address to a host each time it makes a request to access the internet
- DNAT (Dynamic Network Address Translation) - Gateway has a pool of public addresses to assign to a local host when it makes a request to access the internet
IPv6 Addresses (1 of 7)
- An IPv6 address has 128 bits written as eight blocks of hexadecimal numbers separated by colons
- Example: 2001:0000:0B80:0000:0000:00D3:9C5A:00CC (can be shortened)
IPv6 addresses (2 of 7)
- IPv6 terminology
- Link - Any LAN bounded by routers
- Interface - Node's attachment to a link
- Dual stacked - Network configured to use both IPv4 and IPv6
- Tunneling - Method used by IPv6 to transport IPv6 packets through or over an IPv4 network
- Interface ID - Last 64 bits or four blocks of an IPv6 address (identify the interface)
- Neighbors - Two or more nodes on the same link
IPv6 Addresses (3 of 7)
- Types of IPv6 addresses
- Unicast - Specifies a single node on a network
- Global unicast - Can be routed on the internet
- Link local unicast - Can be used for communicating with nodes on the same link
- Multicast - Packets delivered to all nodes on a network
- Anycast - Can identify multiple destinations, deliver packets to the closest destination
- Unicast - Specifies a single node on a network
IPv6 Addresses (4 of 7)
- Figures of Broadcasting, Multicasting, Anycasting, and Unicasting
IPv6 Addresses (5 of 7)
- Table of address prefixes for different types of IPv6 addresses
Ports and Sockets (1 of 3)
- Port numbers ensure data is transmitted to the correct process among multiple processes on a computer
- Socket consists of a host's IP address and the port number of an application running on that host
- A colon separates the two values
- Port numbers are divided into three types
- Well-known ports (0-1023)
- Registered ports (1024-49151)
- Dynamic and private ports(49152-65535)
Ports and Sockets (2 of 3)
- Figure of a virtual connection, showing request for Telnet connection on port 23
Ports and Sockets (3 of 3)
- Protocols not yet covered include, TFTP, NTP, LDAP, SMB, SIP, and H.323
Domain Names and DNS (1 of 3)
- Character-based names are easier to remember than numerical IP addresses
- Last part of an FQDN is called the Top-Level Domain (TLD)
- Domain names must be registered with an internet naming authority
- ICANN restricts what type of hosts can be associated with specific TLDs (e.g., .arpa, .mil, .int, .edu, .gov).
- The process of discovering an IP address when you know the FQDN is called name resolution.
Domain Names and DNS (2 of 3)
- Table of some well-known top-level domains (TLDs) and their associated organization types
Domain Names and DNS (3 of 3)
- DNS — Application-layer client-server system made up of
- Namespace — Entire collection of computer names and their associated IP addresses
- Name servers — Hold databases organized hierarchically
- Resolvers — DNS client that requests information from DNS name servers
Namespace Databases
- Each organization providing host services is responsible for providing and maintaining its own DNS authoritative servers for public access
- Authoritative server — Authority on computer names and their IP addresses
- Domains an organization manages are called a DNS zone
Name Servers (1 of 4)
- Four common types of DNS servers
- Primary DNS server — Authoritative name server for the organization (holds authoritative DNS database for the organization's zones)
- Secondary DNS server — Backup authoritative name server
- Caching DNS server — Accesses public DNS data and caches DNS info it collects
- Forwarding DNS server — Receives queries from local clients (doesn't resolve the queries)
Name Servers (2 of 4)
- DNS name servers are organized in a hierarchical structure
- At the root level, 13 clusters of root servers hold information to locate top-level domain (TLD) servers
- TLD servers hold info about authoritative servers owned by various organizations
Name Servers (3 of 4)
- Figure illustrating queries for name resolution (e.g., www.mdc.edu)
Name Servers (4 of 4)
- Ways the resolution process can become complex
- Caching server isn't always the same machine as the authoritative server
- Name servers within a company might not have access to root servers
- A TLD name server might be aware of an intermediate name server rather than the authoritative name server
- Two types of DNS requests
- Recursive — Demands resolution or the answer "It can't be found"
- Iterative — Local server issues queries to other servers (only provides info if it has it)
Resource Records in a DNS Database
- Several resource records kept in a DNS database
- A (Address) record - Stores name-to-address mapping for a host
- AAAA record - Holds name-to-address mapping, IPv6 address
- CNAME record - Holds alternative names for a host
- PTR record - Used for reverse lookups
- NS record - Indicates authoritative name server for a domain
- MX record - Identifies mail server, used for email traffic
- SRV record - Identifies hostname and port of a computer hosting a network service
- TXT record - Holds any type of free-form text
DNS Server Software (1 of 2)
- BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain)-Most popular DNS server software (open source)
- Microsoft DNS Server-Built-in DNS service in the Windows Server OS
- For more secure networks:
- Internal and external DNS queries should be handled by different DNS servers
- Use a firewall to filter or block traffic between networks
- DMZ (demilitarized zone) — Area between firewalls
DNS Server Software (2 of 2)
- Figure showing DNS services handled by two different servers, protecting the internal network
Troubleshooting Address Problems
- Event Viewer is often the first place to troubleshoot problems
- Example: Event Viewer showing issues with a printer driver
Troubleshooting Tools (1 of 12, 2 of 12, ... 12 of 12)
- Using command-line tools for troubleshooting network issues
- Examples of helpful command-line tools: ping, ipconfig, ifconfig (Linux), nslookup, and dig (Linux)
Common Network Issues (1 of 3, 2 of 3, 3 of 3)
- Incorrect time
- DHCP issues: Checking DHCP server settings and DHCP scope for client support, considering lease time
- Network connection configuration issues
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Description
Test your knowledge of networking concepts with this quiz covering IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. Questions focus on the characteristics of IP addresses, the 'nslookup' command, and private network configurations. Perfect for anyone looking to solidify their understanding of basic networking principles and protocols.
