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Host Roles

• Hosts are devices that send or receive data on a network.
• Hosts can be servers (providing services like websites) or clients (using those services).

Peer-to-Peer Networks

• Each device can act as both a client and a server.
• Files and resources can be shared directly without a dedicated server.
• Suitable for small groups, but management becomes difficult as the network grows.

End Devices

• Devices individuals use to connect to the network (computers, phones, printers).
• Located at the edge of the network, where data is used or generated.

Intermediary Devices

• Devices facilitating data transfer between end devices (routers, switches).
• Direct data flow, ensuring it reaches the correct destination.
• Organize and improve network efficiency.

Network Media

• Cables (copper, fiber optic) or wireless signals carrying data.
• Influence data speed and network performance.

Network Representations

• Network diagrams use symbols to represent devices and connections.
• Diagrams visualize device connections, locations, and data flow.
• Show how end devices connect to intermediary devices (routers, switches, wireless routers).
• Indicate the type of media (cables, wireless) used for connections.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

• Connects an end device to the network.

Physical Port

• A physical connection point on a device for plugging in cables.

Interface

• A specialized port on a networking device for network connections.
• Sometimes called network interfaces on routers.

Topology Diagrams

• Visual representations of network structure and device placements.

Physical Topology

• Shows the physical arrangement of devices and cables.
• Focuses on the real-world layout of the network.

Logical Topology

• Shows how devices are connected logically (ports & addressing).
• Focuses on how data flows through the network, not the physical location.
• Includes IP addresses.

Networks of Many Sizes

• Networks vary in size from small office networks to large global networks.
• Determined by user count, communication distance, and required services.

LANs and WANs

• LAN (Local Area Network): Small area network (building, home).
• WAN (Wide Area Network): Large area network connecting multiple LANs across locations (cities, countries).
• Internet is a collection of WANs.

The Internet

• Global network connecting billions of devices.
• Uses standardized protocols for communication.
• Used for diverse activities (email, browsing, etc.)

Intranets and Extranets

• Intranet: Internal network for an organization's staff.
• Extranet: Limited external access to an organization's intranet for outside partners/suppliers.

Internet Access Technologies

• Different methods provide internet access (cable, DSL, fiber, cellular, satellite).
• Each method has varying speeds, costs, and availability.

Home and Small Office Internet Connections

• Often use broadband (cable, DSL) for always-on internet access.
• Wireless routers facilitate connections to multiple devices.

Business Internet Connections

• Business needs require more reliable and faster connections (fiber, leased lines).
• High-speed wireless or satellite connections may be used.
• Large businesses may need specialized security and backup connections.

The Converging Network

• Single network infrastructure for multiple communication types (data, voice, video).
• Reduces complexity and costs compared to separate networks for each service.

Packet Tracer

• Simulation tool to visualize and practice building networks.
• Helps understand device connections and interactions.
• Makes network design and troubleshooting easier.

Network Architecture

• Design of a network (device arrangement, technologies, and user needs).
• Well-planned architecture ensures reliability, security, and manageability.

Fault Tolerance

• Network continues functioning even with partial failures.
• Achieved through backups and redundancy (multiple data paths).

Scalability

• Network can expand without impacting performance.
• Easily handles increased user, device, or service demands.

Quality of Service (QoS)

• Prioritizes network resources to ensure critical data (voice, video) receive sufficient bandwidth.
• Prevents delays and performance issues for important services.

Network Security

• Protecting data and devices from threats (malware, unauthorized access).
• Includes firewalls, encryption, strong passwords.
• Regular updates, patches, and user education improve security.

Recent Trends

• Faster speeds, more mobile devices, increased data reliance.

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)

• Employees using personal devices for work.
• Improves flexibility/productivity, but introduces security challenges.

Online Collaboration

• Tools allow remote collaboration (video conferencing, shared documents).
• Boosts efficiency and teamwork, requiring reliable and secure networks.

Video Communications

• Increasing prevalence of video calls, streaming, and conferencing.
• Requires sufficient network bandwidth and quality.

Cisco Webex

• Tool for small group meetings (huddles) via video conferencing.
• Enables remote communication, content sharing, and teamwork.

Cloud Computing

• Storing data and running applications on the internet.
• Offers flexibility, scaling, and cost savings, but depends on reliable internet access.

Technology Trends in the Home

• Smart devices (TVs, thermostats, lights) connecting to create smart homes.

Powerline Networking

• Utilizing existing electrical wiring to connect devices to the internet.
• Useful in areas with weak Wi-Fi or where cable installation is difficult.

Wireless Broadband

• High-speed wireless internet access without cables.
• Helpful for areas with limited/expensive wired connections or mobile users.

Security Threats

• Malware, viruses, spyware, and unauthorized access attempts.
• Caused by malicious individuals, software bugs, or weak passwords.
• Threats jeopardize data and network reliability.

Security Solutions

• Firewalls, intrusion prevention systems, antivirus software, strong encryption.
• Regular updates, patches, and user education.
• Good security policies and procedures.

CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate)

• Recognized certification for basic network understanding and skills.
• Proves the ability to install, configure, and troubleshoot small-to-medium-sized networks.

Networking Jobs

• Network technician, network engineer, network administrator.
• Involves planning, implementing, and maintaining networks.
• Skilled professionals are highly sought after.

Lab - Research IT and Networking Job Opportunities

• Research available IT and networking jobs.
• Understand job requirements and how certifications (like CCNA) are beneficial.