Questions and Answers
Far more people in the world have access to cell phones than to clean water.
True
Spam accounted for only 9% of email traffic in 2009.
False
The spam filter industry emerged as a response to the increasing amount of spam emails.
True
Scams and bullying are considered benefits of networked communications.
Signup and view all the answers
Ann the Acme Accountant received complaints from employees about her email advertisement for cookies.
Signup and view all the answers
Kantian analysis concludes that Ann's action was strictly wrong.
Signup and view all the answers
Benefit to the Girls Scouts from cookie sales was $108.
Signup and view all the answers
Rule utilitarian analysis found that the harms of Ann's action outweighed the benefits.
Signup and view all the answers
Mobile apps have become the primary way to access the Internet on mobile devices.
Signup and view all the answers
The Internet Research Agency was indicted for only promoting pro-Clinton content.
Signup and view all the answers
Social media can undermine trust and create a shared sense of reality.
Signup and view all the answers
Facebook promotes content that conflicts with a user's preferences.
Signup and view all the answers
Censorship is commonly practiced by governments and religious institutions.
Signup and view all the answers
Self-censorship is the most common form of censorship.
Signup and view all the answers
The printing press allowed governments and churches to maintain control over information distribution.
Signup and view all the answers
Mill's Principle of Harm suggests that power can be rightfully exercised against an individual's will for their own good.
Signup and view all the answers
Freedom of expression is an absolute right under the U.S. Constitution.
Signup and view all the answers
Jeremy Jaynes was convicted for sending spam messages under strict Virginia laws.
Signup and view all the answers
All Internet traffic in Saudi Arabia flows through government-controlled gateways.
Signup and view all the answers
The First Amendment allows for unlimited freedom of speech without any restrictions.
Signup and view all the answers
Ann's decision to send a solicitation email was considered ethical by all analyses presented.
Signup and view all the answers
The profit from Girl Scouts' cookie sales was derived from selling 36 boxes at $3 profit each.
Signup and view all the answers
Kantian analysis supports using others merely as a means to achieve personal goals.
Signup and view all the answers
All analyses suggest that Ann should have engaged her daughter more in the cookie sale process.
Signup and view all the answers
Mobile apps are generally seen as less efficient than mobile web browsers for accessing the internet.
Signup and view all the answers
The false profitability of spam makes it significantly cheaper to send than traditional junk mail.
Signup and view all the answers
The share of spam in email traffic reached a high of 85% in 2009 and has been increasing since then.
Signup and view all the answers
Bot herders are individuals who manage large networks of compromised computers to send spam.
Signup and view all the answers
Spam filters installed by ISPs and businesses have completely eliminated spam from email traffic.
Signup and view all the answers
The design of the Internet fosters fair, two-way communication between users.
Signup and view all the answers
Facebook provides news to nearly half of Americans and emphasizes content that aligns with their preferences.
Signup and view all the answers
The increase in online advertising has significantly boosted revenues for traditional newspapers.
Signup and view all the answers
Censorship is primarily carried out by private organizations in modern society.
Signup and view all the answers
John Stuart Mill's principle suggests that power can be rightfully used against someone's will for their own benefit.
Signup and view all the answers
The First Amendment offers unlimited freedom of speech with no restrictions in any context.
Signup and view all the answers
Mill argues that free discourse is essential for revealing the truth in differing opinions.
Signup and view all the answers
Governments can employ prepublication review as a form of direct censorship.
Signup and view all the answers
Self-censorship is less common than governmental censorship in modern media.
Signup and view all the answers
The printing press consolidated control over information by governments and churches.
Signup and view all the answers
Access to the Internet in North Korea is completely unrestricted.
Signup and view all the answers
The majority of spam emails are sent by computer programs operated by criminals known as bot herders.
Signup and view all the answers
Spam accounted for more than 30% of all email traffic as of 2003.
Signup and view all the answers
The introduction of new technologies such as the Internet has no effect on social dynamics.
Signup and view all the answers
Ann the Acme Accountant's decision to send an email about cookie sales resulted in complaints from half of her recipients.
Signup and view all the answers
The share of spam in email traffic has only shown an increasing trend since its peak in 2009.
Signup and view all the answers
Ann's action was deemed wrong by all analyses presented.
Signup and view all the answers
Mobile apps were found to be more cumbersome than web browsers for accessing the Internet on mobile devices.
Signup and view all the answers
The total benefit to the Girls Scouts from cookie sales amounted to $108.
Signup and view all the answers
All employees approved of Ann's email solicitation for cookie sales.
Signup and view all the answers
Utilitarian analysis supports the idea that if everyone solicited donations via email, it would likely improve morale.
Signup and view all the answers
Censorship can be defined as the attempt to enhance public access to materials considered beneficial.
Signup and view all the answers
The Internet enables a many-to-many communication model which complicates censorship efforts.
Signup and view all the answers
In the former Soviet Union, censorship was characterized by direct monopolization of all media outlets by the government.
Signup and view all the answers
Self-censorship is primarily enforced by governmental agents to control media content.
Signup and view all the answers
Mill's Principle of Harm allows individuals to be restrained for their own good regardless of societal implications.
Signup and view all the answers
The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution establishes absolute limits on freedom of expression without any conditions.
Signup and view all the answers
Frequent governmental filtering of Internet content is unique to authoritarian regimes, such as North Korea and Saudi Arabia.
Signup and view all the answers
Kantian analysis supports that censorship is a necessary tool for controlling public discourse.
Signup and view all the answers
The significant drop in advertising income has had a negative impact on the overall value of traditional newspapers.
Signup and view all the answers
The United States has no measures in place to restrict minors from accessing inappropriate content online.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Networked Communications
- Internet and cellular networks are essential for modern life.
- Benefits include conducting business, staying connected with loved ones, and entertainment options.
- Harms consist of scams, bullying, harassment, and potential threats to democratic institutions.
Spam
- Spam is unsolicited bulk email, marked by significant profitability.
- Sending ads to one million addresses costs $10, making it over 30,000 times cheaper than traditional junk mail.
- Spam traffic rose dramatically from 9% of email in 2002 to 85% by 2009, now around 57%.
- Companies gather email addresses via websites, chat rooms, and contests, while bot herders manage large botnets for spam distribution.
- Despite spam filters, the economic impact of spam is estimated in tens of billions of dollars lost in productivity.
Socio-Technical Solutions
- New technologies can lead to new social dynamics, as seen with spam where low costs drive increased volume of messages.
- The Internet’s design encourages one-way communication, complicating spam management.
Case Study: Ann the Acme Accountant
- Ann sent an email about a Girl Scout cookie sale, leading to mixed reactions from employees.
- Analyses of her actions varied:
- Kantian: No misrepresentation, but opt-in would have been better.
- Act Utilitarian: Benefits (earnings for scouts) outweighed minor harms (time lost).
- Rule Utilitarian: Predicted company-wide solicitation would lower morale and yield more harm.
- Social Contract: No company policy against her email use; acted within rights.
- Virtue Ethics: Showed honesty but lacked fairness and respect towards coworkers.
Internet Interactions
- The World Wide Web is decentralized with every object having a unique URL.
- Increasing use of mobile devices has shifted access from browsers to mobile apps.
- The Internet is used for various activities, including purchasing, socializing, and learning.
Impact of Text Messaging
- M-PESA in Kenya illustrates how mobile tech enables savings, bill payments, and fund transfers.
- text messaging has reshaped political activism and communication, notably during events like the Arab Spring.
Political Influence of Online Media
- Social media platforms play a significant role in political activism and misinformation campaigns.
- Russian interference in U.S. elections raised concerns about the influence of social media on democracy.
Censorship
- Censorship aims to regulate harmful or offensive content, traditionally by governments.
- Direct and self-censorship both play roles, with the Internet’s vastness challenging regulation.
- Governments like China and North Korea exemplify extreme censorship practices.
Freedom of Expression
- Historical evolution led to significant protections under the First Amendment.
- These rights are not absolute and must be balanced against public good.
- Court cases illustrate tensions between censorship and freedom of speech.
Internet Ethics and Privacy
- Several ethical evaluations, including Kantian and Utilitarian, analyze actions online with respect to privacy and autonomy.
- Issues like sexting highlight ongoing conversations about appropriate content and online behavior.
Cybercrime
- Identity theft is a prevalent crime, especially online, with various methods used by thieves.
- Instances of cyberbullying and revenge porn point to the darker side of online interactions.
- Police techniques in tackling online predation raise ethical questions about method versus motive.
Internet Addiction
- There is ongoing debate about whether internet addiction qualifies as a mental disorder.
- Symptoms identified include excessive use, withdrawal, and resultant negative social consequences.
- Governments like South Korea and China have introduced regulations to manage excessive gaming in minors.### Internet Addiction and Its Consequences
- In 2005, a South Korean man died after playing video games for nearly 50 hours continuously, highlighting severe cases of gaming addiction.
Contributing Factors to Addiction
- Social Factors: Peer groups heavily influence individuals, potentially fostering addictive behaviors.
-
Situational Factors:
- Stress plays a significant role in developing dependencies.
- Lack of social support and intimacy can lead to isolation and increased addiction risk.
- Limited opportunities for productive activities can result in individuals seeking solace through addictive behaviors.
-
Individual Factors:
- Those with a propensity for excess may engage more deeply in addictive activities.
- A lack of personal achievement can drive individuals toward escapism through addiction.
- Fear of failure can also contribute to continued engagement in addictive behaviors.
Ethical Evaluation
-
Enlightenment View:
- Perspectives from Kantianism and utilitarianism assert that individuals hold the power and responsibility to govern their lives and make choices consciously.
-
Jeffrey Reiman's View:
- Suggests that the behavior of addicts can be understood in the context of hopelessness, arguing that society has a role in creating environments that foster such despair.
Impact of the Internet and Social Media
- Advances in internet and cellular technology have transformed communication, enabling unprecedented social interaction, business opportunities, and political organization.
- This vast digital landscape mirrors both the best and worst aspects of humanity, presenting new opportunities for exploitation and addiction.
- Social media has emerged as a crucial platform for news dissemination, while also potentially increasing political polarization among users.
Governmental Response
- Governments face challenges in deciding how to intervene regarding internet content control and tackling issues like internet addiction while balancing freedom of information.
Networked Communications
- Internet and cellular networks are essential for modern life.
- Benefits include conducting business, staying connected with loved ones, and entertainment options.
- Harms consist of scams, bullying, harassment, and potential threats to democratic institutions.
Spam
- Spam is unsolicited bulk email, marked by significant profitability.
- Sending ads to one million addresses costs $10, making it over 30,000 times cheaper than traditional junk mail.
- Spam traffic rose dramatically from 9% of email in 2002 to 85% by 2009, now around 57%.
- Companies gather email addresses via websites, chat rooms, and contests, while bot herders manage large botnets for spam distribution.
- Despite spam filters, the economic impact of spam is estimated in tens of billions of dollars lost in productivity.
Socio-Technical Solutions
- New technologies can lead to new social dynamics, as seen with spam where low costs drive increased volume of messages.
- The Internet’s design encourages one-way communication, complicating spam management.
Case Study: Ann the Acme Accountant
- Ann sent an email about a Girl Scout cookie sale, leading to mixed reactions from employees.
- Analyses of her actions varied:
- Kantian: No misrepresentation, but opt-in would have been better.
- Act Utilitarian: Benefits (earnings for scouts) outweighed minor harms (time lost).
- Rule Utilitarian: Predicted company-wide solicitation would lower morale and yield more harm.
- Social Contract: No company policy against her email use; acted within rights.
- Virtue Ethics: Showed honesty but lacked fairness and respect towards coworkers.
Internet Interactions
- The World Wide Web is decentralized with every object having a unique URL.
- Increasing use of mobile devices has shifted access from browsers to mobile apps.
- The Internet is used for various activities, including purchasing, socializing, and learning.
Impact of Text Messaging
- M-PESA in Kenya illustrates how mobile tech enables savings, bill payments, and fund transfers.
- text messaging has reshaped political activism and communication, notably during events like the Arab Spring.
Political Influence of Online Media
- Social media platforms play a significant role in political activism and misinformation campaigns.
- Russian interference in U.S. elections raised concerns about the influence of social media on democracy.
Censorship
- Censorship aims to regulate harmful or offensive content, traditionally by governments.
- Direct and self-censorship both play roles, with the Internet’s vastness challenging regulation.
- Governments like China and North Korea exemplify extreme censorship practices.
Freedom of Expression
- Historical evolution led to significant protections under the First Amendment.
- These rights are not absolute and must be balanced against public good.
- Court cases illustrate tensions between censorship and freedom of speech.
Internet Ethics and Privacy
- Several ethical evaluations, including Kantian and Utilitarian, analyze actions online with respect to privacy and autonomy.
- Issues like sexting highlight ongoing conversations about appropriate content and online behavior.
Cybercrime
- Identity theft is a prevalent crime, especially online, with various methods used by thieves.
- Instances of cyberbullying and revenge porn point to the darker side of online interactions.
- Police techniques in tackling online predation raise ethical questions about method versus motive.
Internet Addiction
- There is ongoing debate about whether internet addiction qualifies as a mental disorder.
- Symptoms identified include excessive use, withdrawal, and resultant negative social consequences.
- Governments like South Korea and China have introduced regulations to manage excessive gaming in minors.### Internet Addiction and Its Consequences
- In 2005, a South Korean man died after playing video games for nearly 50 hours continuously, highlighting severe cases of gaming addiction.
Contributing Factors to Addiction
- Social Factors: Peer groups heavily influence individuals, potentially fostering addictive behaviors.
-
Situational Factors:
- Stress plays a significant role in developing dependencies.
- Lack of social support and intimacy can lead to isolation and increased addiction risk.
- Limited opportunities for productive activities can result in individuals seeking solace through addictive behaviors.
-
Individual Factors:
- Those with a propensity for excess may engage more deeply in addictive activities.
- A lack of personal achievement can drive individuals toward escapism through addiction.
- Fear of failure can also contribute to continued engagement in addictive behaviors.
Ethical Evaluation
-
Enlightenment View:
- Perspectives from Kantianism and utilitarianism assert that individuals hold the power and responsibility to govern their lives and make choices consciously.
-
Jeffrey Reiman's View:
- Suggests that the behavior of addicts can be understood in the context of hopelessness, arguing that society has a role in creating environments that foster such despair.
Impact of the Internet and Social Media
- Advances in internet and cellular technology have transformed communication, enabling unprecedented social interaction, business opportunities, and political organization.
- This vast digital landscape mirrors both the best and worst aspects of humanity, presenting new opportunities for exploitation and addiction.
- Social media has emerged as a crucial platform for news dissemination, while also potentially increasing political polarization among users.
Governmental Response
- Governments face challenges in deciding how to intervene regarding internet content control and tackling issues like internet addiction while balancing freedom of information.
Networked Communications
- Internet and cellular networks are essential for modern life.
- Benefits include conducting business, staying connected with loved ones, and entertainment options.
- Harms consist of scams, bullying, harassment, and potential threats to democratic institutions.
Spam
- Spam is unsolicited bulk email, marked by significant profitability.
- Sending ads to one million addresses costs $10, making it over 30,000 times cheaper than traditional junk mail.
- Spam traffic rose dramatically from 9% of email in 2002 to 85% by 2009, now around 57%.
- Companies gather email addresses via websites, chat rooms, and contests, while bot herders manage large botnets for spam distribution.
- Despite spam filters, the economic impact of spam is estimated in tens of billions of dollars lost in productivity.
Socio-Technical Solutions
- New technologies can lead to new social dynamics, as seen with spam where low costs drive increased volume of messages.
- The Internet’s design encourages one-way communication, complicating spam management.
Case Study: Ann the Acme Accountant
- Ann sent an email about a Girl Scout cookie sale, leading to mixed reactions from employees.
- Analyses of her actions varied:
- Kantian: No misrepresentation, but opt-in would have been better.
- Act Utilitarian: Benefits (earnings for scouts) outweighed minor harms (time lost).
- Rule Utilitarian: Predicted company-wide solicitation would lower morale and yield more harm.
- Social Contract: No company policy against her email use; acted within rights.
- Virtue Ethics: Showed honesty but lacked fairness and respect towards coworkers.
Internet Interactions
- The World Wide Web is decentralized with every object having a unique URL.
- Increasing use of mobile devices has shifted access from browsers to mobile apps.
- The Internet is used for various activities, including purchasing, socializing, and learning.
Impact of Text Messaging
- M-PESA in Kenya illustrates how mobile tech enables savings, bill payments, and fund transfers.
- text messaging has reshaped political activism and communication, notably during events like the Arab Spring.
Political Influence of Online Media
- Social media platforms play a significant role in political activism and misinformation campaigns.
- Russian interference in U.S. elections raised concerns about the influence of social media on democracy.
Censorship
- Censorship aims to regulate harmful or offensive content, traditionally by governments.
- Direct and self-censorship both play roles, with the Internet’s vastness challenging regulation.
- Governments like China and North Korea exemplify extreme censorship practices.
Freedom of Expression
- Historical evolution led to significant protections under the First Amendment.
- These rights are not absolute and must be balanced against public good.
- Court cases illustrate tensions between censorship and freedom of speech.
Internet Ethics and Privacy
- Several ethical evaluations, including Kantian and Utilitarian, analyze actions online with respect to privacy and autonomy.
- Issues like sexting highlight ongoing conversations about appropriate content and online behavior.
Cybercrime
- Identity theft is a prevalent crime, especially online, with various methods used by thieves.
- Instances of cyberbullying and revenge porn point to the darker side of online interactions.
- Police techniques in tackling online predation raise ethical questions about method versus motive.
Internet Addiction
- There is ongoing debate about whether internet addiction qualifies as a mental disorder.
- Symptoms identified include excessive use, withdrawal, and resultant negative social consequences.
- Governments like South Korea and China have introduced regulations to manage excessive gaming in minors.### Internet Addiction and Its Consequences
- In 2005, a South Korean man died after playing video games for nearly 50 hours continuously, highlighting severe cases of gaming addiction.
Contributing Factors to Addiction
- Social Factors: Peer groups heavily influence individuals, potentially fostering addictive behaviors.
-
Situational Factors:
- Stress plays a significant role in developing dependencies.
- Lack of social support and intimacy can lead to isolation and increased addiction risk.
- Limited opportunities for productive activities can result in individuals seeking solace through addictive behaviors.
-
Individual Factors:
- Those with a propensity for excess may engage more deeply in addictive activities.
- A lack of personal achievement can drive individuals toward escapism through addiction.
- Fear of failure can also contribute to continued engagement in addictive behaviors.
Ethical Evaluation
-
Enlightenment View:
- Perspectives from Kantianism and utilitarianism assert that individuals hold the power and responsibility to govern their lives and make choices consciously.
-
Jeffrey Reiman's View:
- Suggests that the behavior of addicts can be understood in the context of hopelessness, arguing that society has a role in creating environments that foster such despair.
Impact of the Internet and Social Media
- Advances in internet and cellular technology have transformed communication, enabling unprecedented social interaction, business opportunities, and political organization.
- This vast digital landscape mirrors both the best and worst aspects of humanity, presenting new opportunities for exploitation and addiction.
- Social media has emerged as a crucial platform for news dissemination, while also potentially increasing political polarization among users.
Governmental Response
- Governments face challenges in deciding how to intervene regarding internet content control and tackling issues like internet addiction while balancing freedom of information.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the dual nature of networked communications, focusing on their benefits and harms in modern life. Additionally, delve into the issue of spam, its economic impact, and the socio-technical solutions that have emerged. This quiz highlights the ongoing challenges and dynamics of our digital communication landscape.
