HSRP
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What must be available between the access and distribution switches?

  • links with higher bandwidth (correct)
  • Higher bandwidth
  • Efficient data transmission
  • Network architecture

    • What does link aggregation achieve between switches?

  • Combines a number of physical links to decrease the overall bandwidth between two devices.
  • Combines a number of physical links to increase the overall bandwidth between two devices. (correct)
  • Splits a single physical link into multiple links to decrease the overall bandwidth between two devices.
  • Splits a single physical link into multiple links to increase the overall bandwidth between two devices.

    • What is the default behavior of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) on Layer 2 devices like switches?

  • STP disables all links to increase network performance.
  • STP enables all links to maximize network bandwidth.
  • STP blocks redundant links to prevent routing loops. (correct)
  • STP prioritizes redundant links to ensure faster data transmission.

    • What is the default status of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) on Layer 2 devices like switches?

    <p>Enabled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What solution can be implemented to address the need for combining multiple physical links between switches to increase bandwidth?

    <p>Implement EtherChannel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two advantages of EtherChannel?

    (a) Provides redundancy in case of interface failures by allowing multiple paths between switches, ensuring continuous operation even if one link fails. (b) Increases network security by encrypting data transmission using advanced encryption algorithms to protect data packets from unauthorized access. (c) When configured, physical interfaces are bundled together into a virtual interface called a port channel interface. (d) Enables wireless communication between devices by integrating wireless access points into the network infrastructure, facilitating seamless connectivity. (e) Originally developed by Cisco as an inter-switch technique that groups several Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet ports into one logical channel. (f) When configured, physical interfaces are bundled together into a virtual interface called a port channel interface. Choose two

    <p>C, E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are advantages of EtherChannel?

    (a) EtherChannel works with STP. (b) Configuration tasks configured on port channel ensuring configuration consistency throughout the links. (c) Load balancing occurs between EtherChannel bundled links. (d) Uses existing switch ports therefore no need to upgrade links/switch. (e) EtherChannel improves network performance. (f) EtherChannel increases network latency. (g) EtherChannel decreases network security. Choose four

    <p>D, A, B, C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a restriction when implementing EtherChannel?

    <p>Individual EtherChannel group member port configurations do not need to be consistent on both devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many physical ports can be bundled together in an EtherChannel, providing up to 800 Mb/s(Fast EtherChannel) or 8 Gb/s(Gigabit EtherChannel)?

    <p>Up to 8 physical ports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many EtherChannels does a Cisco IOS switch support?

    <p>Up to six EtherChannels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for individual EtherChannel group member port configuration, as per the provided information?

    <p>The physical ports of one side must be configured consistently with the other side, such as if the physical ports of one side are configured as trunks, the physical ports of the other side must also be configured as trunks within the same native VLAN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what is a characteristic of EtherChannel interfaces?

    <p>Interfaces do not have to be physically contiguous, or on the same module.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question: Which protocols are primarily used to configure EtherChannels?

    <p>Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) and Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) primarily used for?

    <p>Cisco-proprietary protocol used to negotiate the forming of a channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP)?

    <p>Sends packets every 30 seconds to check for configuration consistency and manages link additions and failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Question: How many modes does Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) support, and what are they?

    <p>Three modes: Desirable, Auto, and On</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the "Desirable" mode of Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) mean?

    <p>Ports actively initiate negotiations with other interfaces by sending PAgP packets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the "Auto" mode of Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) mean?

    <p>Ports passively negotiate state, but do not initiate PAgP negotiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the "On" mode of Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) mean?

    <p>Ports create a channel member without negotiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compatibility requirement exists between modes in Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP)?

    <p>The modes must be the same on each side, such as desirable - desirable or desirable – auto.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when both sides of an EtherChannel are configured with the "auto"(auto-auto) mode in Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP)?

    <p>The EtherChannel bundle will not be created.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) primarily used for?

    <p>Negotiating the forming of a channel with non-Cisco switches, following IEEE specification (802.3ad).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) perform?

    <p>Sending packets every 30 seconds to check for configuration consistency and managing link additions and failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many modes does Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) support, and what are they?

    <p>Three modes: Active, Passive, and On</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the "Active" mode of Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) mean?

    <p>Ports actively initiate negotiations with other interfaces by sending LACP packets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the "Passive" mode of Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) mean?

    <p>Ports passively negotiate state, but do not initiate LACP negotiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the "On" mode in Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)?

    <p>Ports create a channel member without negotiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compatibility requirement exists between modes in Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)?

    <p>The modes must be the same on each side, such as active – active or active – passive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of modes will not create a bundle in Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)?

    <p>Passive - Passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for EtherChannel support?

    <p>Bundle interfaces must support EtherChannel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What configuration is necessary for EtherChannel regarding speed and duplex?

    <p>Configure all bundle interfaces with the same speed and in the same duplex mode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should VLANs be configured for EtherChannel?

    <p>Assign all bundle interfaces to the same VLAN (unlikely) or configure the bundle as a trunk (most likely).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for forming an EtherChannel with trunking interfaces regarding VLAN range?

    <p>A trunking EtherChannel must allow the same VLAN range across all interfaces, as failure to do so prevents the formation of an EtherChannel, even when set to auto or desirable mode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command displays general status information of a port channel in Cisco devices?

    <p>show interfaces port-channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command should be used to view the overall status and general information of port channels in Cisco devices?

    <p>show etherchannel summary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command should be used to obtain information about the role of an interface in an EtherChannel?

    <p>show interfaces etherchannel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What configuration consistency is required for all interfaces within an EtherChannel?

    <p>All interfaces must have the same configuration of speed and duplex mode, native and allowed VLANs on trunks, and access VLAN on access ports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required regarding dynamic negotiation options for PAgP and LACP in an EtherChannel configuration?

    <p>Dynamic negotiation options for PAgP and LACP must be compatibly configured on both ends of the EtherChannel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended procedure when changes are made to a port channel interface in Cisco devices?

    <p>It may be useful to disable the port channel interface using the shutdown interface command and then re-enable it using the no shutdown interface command.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for EtherChannel and spanning tree to work together?

    <p>EtherChannel and spanning tree must interoperate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to spanning tree protocol (STP) if changes are made to an existing port channel?

    <p>STP errors can occur, leading to network instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is recommended if spanning tree protocol (STP) errors occur in relation to a port channel?

    <p>Delete and recreate the port channel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a switched network, what is true regarding default gateways for clients?

    <p>Each client receives only one default gateway, and there is no way for using a second gateway, even if a second path exists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hosts configured with a default gateway if the router or router interface serving as the default gateway fails?

    <p>Hosts with that gateway are isolated from outside networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is needed to provide alternate default gateways in switched networks where two or more routers are connected to the same VLANs?

    <p>mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In router redundancy, what do two or more routers share?

    <p>Virtual IP address and a MAC address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In router redundancy, how do routers identify themselves?

    <p>By identifying an active forwarding router and a redundant standby router</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the active router fails in a router redundancy setup? Choose three

    (a) First, the standby router sends a notification to all devices on the network. (b) Second, the standby router assumes the active role. (c) Third, the standby router triggers a reboot process. (d) First, the standby router stops seeing Hello messages from the active router. (e) Third, host devices see no disruption in service.

    <p>D, B, E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol is a legacy First Hop Redundancy Protocol (FHRP) solution specified in RFC 1256?

    <p>ICMP Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which First Hop Redundancy Protocol (FHRP) is Cisco-proprietary and provides redundancy for IPv4 hosts?

    <p>Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) for IPv6, providing the same functionality in an IPv6 environment?

    <p>HSRP for IPv6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol, similar to HSRP, is non-proprietary and serves as a Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol version 2 (VRRPv2)?

    <p>Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol version 2 (VRRPv2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which version of the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) supports both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, operates in multi-vendor environments, and is more scalable than VRRPv2?

    <p>VRRPv3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Cisco-proprietary First Hop Redundancy Protocol (FHRP), similar to HSRP, provides load balancing between redundant routers?

    <p>Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol provides the same functionality as GLBP in an IPv6 environment?

    <p>GLBP for IPv6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Routers select the active HSRP router that provides default gateway services to hosts

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the active router fails in HSRP?

    <p>The standby router automatically takes the active router role without requiring any configuration changes on hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the default Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) version for Cisco IOS 15?

    <p>Version 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What improvement does HSRP version 2 offer over version 1 regarding the number of supported groups?

    <p>HSRP version 2 expands the number of supported groups from 0 to 255 for HSRPv1 to 0 to 4095 with HSRPv2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What multicast address does HSRPv1 use, and what multicast address does HSRP version 2 use?

    <p>HSRPv1 uses the multicast address 224.0.0.2, and HSRP version 2 uses the multicast address 224.0.0.102(FF02::66 for IPv6) for IPv4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional feature does HSRPv2 offer in terms of authentication?

    <p>HSRPv2 adds support for MD5 authentication, which is beyond the scope of this course.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the active and standby router roles determined in during the HSRP election?

    <p>The router with the highest IPv4 address is elected as the active router.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a higher priority(default priority is 100) be assigned to an active router in HSRP?

    <p>By using the standby priority interface command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a higher-priority router comes online in an HSRP group?

    <p>An active router will retain the active role even if another router with a higher HSRP priority comes online.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you force a new election in an HSRP group?

    <p>By using the standby preempt interface command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the states that HSRP routers progress through?

    <p>Initial, Learn, Listen, Speak, Standby, Active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you configure HSRP version 2(HSRPv2) on an interface?

    <p>By using the standby version 2 interface command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you configure the virtual IP address for an HSRP group on an interface?

    <p>By using the standby [group-number] ip-address interface command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you configure the priority for the desired active router in an HSRP group?

    <p>By using the standby [group-number] priority [priority-value] interface command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you configure the active router to preempt the standby router in an HSRP group?

    <p>By using the standby [group-number] preempt interface command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you verify the HSRP configuration on a router?

    <p>By using the show standby command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you verify the status of HSRP on a router in a summarized format?

    <p>By using the show standby brief command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the 4 most common cause of HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) failures?

    <p>Failing to determine when control of the virtual IP for the group should be handed over to another router.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the 4 most common cause of HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) failures?

    <p>Failure of the standby router to successfully keep track of the active router.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the 4 most common cause of HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) failures?

    <p>Failure of the standby router to successfully keep track of the active router.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the 4 most common cause of HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) failures?

    <p>Failure of the standby router to successfully keep track of the active router.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the 4 most common cause of HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) failures?

    <p>Failing to successfully elect the active router.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command can be used to view the exchange of hello packets in the Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) configuration?

    <p>debug standby packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command can be used to view HSRP events in a summarized format?

    <p>debug standby terse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential reason if HSRP routers are not connected to the same network segment(select two)?

    <p>VLAN subinterface configuration issue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why would a standby router not know when the active router fails in an HSRP configuration?

    <p>HSRP routers not configured with IPv4 addresses from the same subnet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which common HSRP configuration issue is described below?

    <p>HSRP routers are not configured with the same virtual IPv4 address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the virtual IPv4 address play in an HSRP configuration?

    <p>It functions as the default gateway for end devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue arises if HSRP routers are not configured with the same HSRP group number?

    <p>Each router becomes the active role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common HSRP configuration issue described below?

    <p>End devices are not configured with the correct default gateway address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of EtherChannel in a network setup?

    <p>To aggregate multiple switched links together to load balance over redundant paths between two devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What requirement must be met for all ports in one EtherChannel?

    <p>All ports must have same speed, duplex settings, and VLAN information on all interfaces on the devices at both ends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Cisco networking, which statement accurately reflects the configuration of settings in the context of EtherChannel interfaces?

    <p>Settings configured in the port channel interface mode are also applied to the individual interfaces in that EtherChannel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When configuring settings on individual interfaces within an EtherChannel, what outcome should be expected according to the given information?

    <p>Settings configured on individual interfaces will not be applied to the EtherChannel or to the other interfaces in the EtherChannel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does PAgP play in Cisco networking?

    <p>It is a Cisco-proprietary protocol used for automatic creation of EtherChannel links.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol is part of an IEEE specification allowing multiple physical ports to be bundled into one logical channel?

    <p>LACP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the interaction between PAgP and LACP?

    <p>PAgP and LACP do not interoperate and cannot be used together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the "on" mode repeated in both PAgP and LACP configurations?

    <p>It creates an EtherChannel unconditionally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the absence of PAgP or LACP configurations, what is the default mode configured for EtherChannel?

    <p>None</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose do First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRPs) like HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP serve in networking?

    <p>They provide alternate default gateways for hosts in redundant router or multilayer switched environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple routers share a virtual IP address and MAC address that is used as the default gateway on a client.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why would multiple routers share a virtual IP address and MAC address in a network configuration?

    <p>To ensure network connectivity in the event of failure of one device serving as a default gateway for a VLAN or set of VLANs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    hat unique feature does GLBP offer ?

    <p>GLBP allows the simultaneous use of multiple gateways and providing automatic failover.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the operational mode of routers in HSRP or VRRP configurations?

    <p>One router is active or forwarding while others are in standby mode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Establish connectivity between access and distribution switches using EtherChannel.
    • Link aggregation increases bandwidth and provides redundancy between switches by combining multiple physical links.
    • Default behavior of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is to block redundant paths to prevent loops.
    • Default status of STP on Layer 2 switches is forwarding on designated ports and blocking on redundant ones.
    • Combining multiple physical links between switches to increase bandwidth can be accomplished through EtherChannel.

    Advantages of EtherChannel

    • Provides redundancy, maintaining operation even if one link fails.
    • Physical interfaces are combined into a single virtual interface known as a port channel interface.
    • Configuration tasks ensure consistency across all links, simplifying management.
    • Load balancing occurs across bundled links, optimizing traffic distribution.
    • Enhances network performance without needing to upgrade hardware, as existing switch ports are utilized.

    EtherChannel Limitations and Configuration

    • Maximum of 8 physical ports can be bundled, allowing up to 800 Mb/s (Fast EtherChannel) or 8 Gb/s (Gigabit EtherChannel).
    • A Cisco IOS switch supports multiple EtherChannels, enhancing capacity and redundancy.
    • All member ports must have identical configurations for speed, duplex, and VLAN settings.

    Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP)

    • PAgP configures EtherChannels and works with STP to ensure stable connections.
    • Supports modes: Desirable, Auto, and On, facilitating dynamic negotiation.
    • "Desirable" mode actively attempts to form an EtherChannel, while "Auto" passively waits for negotiation.
    • "On" mode forces the creation of an EtherChannel without negotiation.
    • Compatibility is required between modes; EtherChannel will only form if both ends match in mode.
    • LACP allows for configuration of EtherChannels and operates in Active and Passive modes.
    • Active mode actively negotiates the channel, while Passive mode awaits negotiation requests.
    • The "On" mode in LACP operates similarly to PAgP’s On mode, bypassing negotiation.
    • Compatibility requirements exist: LACP channels must match in configuration for successful operation.

    Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and EtherChannel

    • EtherChannel operation with STP helps avoid loops while improving network resilience.
    • Changes to port channel configurations can affect STP behavior; monitoring is essential post-changes.
    • For effective operation, EtherChannel must use consistent configuration across all ports and support dynamic negotiation via PAgP or LACP.

    First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRP)

    • FHRP solutions like HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP provide network redundancy.
    • These protocols allow multiple routers to share a virtual IP and MAC address for default gateway services.
    • In an HSRP configuration, when the active router fails, the standby router takes over, ensuring no service disruption.
    • HSRPv2 enhances support for more groups compared to HSRPv1 and uses distinct multicast addresses for communication.

    HSRP Configuration and Monitoring

    • Configure HSRP on an interface using commands to set group virtual IPs and router priorities.
    • The default HSRP version for Cisco IOS 15 is version 2.
    • Common causes of HSRP failures include misconfigured group numbers or mismatched IP addresses.
    • Commands to monitor HSRP status include viewing hello packet exchanges and summarized event logs.

    Operational Modes in FHRP

    • HSRP uses states like Initial, Listen, Speak, Standby, and Active to manage router roles.
    • GLBP uniquely offers load balancing across multiple active routers.
    • In HSRP and VRRP, the active router provides default gateway functionality; redundancy ensures availability in case of failure.

    Summary of FHRP Protocols

    • HSRP is Cisco-proprietary while VRRP is non-proprietary, designed for multi-vendor setups.
    • GLBP facilitates both single and multiple active routers, enhancing load distribution on a local network.

    Additional EtherChannel Notes

    • Ensure VLANs are consistently configured across bundled EtherChannel links for compatibility.
    • Monitor EtherChannel health and status using specific Cisco commands to maintain optimal performance.
    • Understand that EtherChannel can simplify network design by reducing the complexity of link management while boosting throughput.

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    Test your knowledge of network infrastructure and devices. Identify the essential component that must be present between access and distribution switches in a network. Learn about the importance of this element in ensuring smooth data transmission.

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