Network Protocols Overview

Established rules for how computer networks format, transmit, and receive data.

A unit of data transmitted over a network using the Internet Protocol (IP).

A 32-bit address used to identify devices on an IPv4 network, written in dotted-decimal notation.

A 128-bit address (compared to 32 bits for IPv4), providing many more possible addresses.

A way to represent an IPv4 address using decimal numbers separated by dots. Each part signifies 8 bits.

TCP uses port numbers to identify specific applications on a machine when establishing a connection.

Making an unreliable network reliable by preventing lost or duplicate packets.

TCP uses the 'Window value' to regulate data transmission, preventing the sender from overwhelming the receiver.

TCP closes a connection after data transfer is complete.

TCP allows multiple connections by assigning different port numbers.

TCP verifies data integrity using sequence numbers to ensure all transmitted data arrives correctly.

TCP assigns a unique number to each byte of data for error detection.

Provides instructions for TCP transport functions to the receiving workstation.

Internet Control Message Protocol; reports errors for IP and used by routers.

Type (identifies message), Code (provides detail), 8 bytes of IP datagram.

User Datagram Protocol; a simple transport protocol without connection.

Source Port, Destination Port, Length, and Checksum.

Address Resolution Protocol; translates IP addresses to MAC addresses.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol; assigns IP addresses dynamically.

Static (pre-defined) and dynamic (from a pool) IP address assignment.

Temporary, usually one hour.

A process where a DHCP client requests an extension of its IP address lease before it expires, if still connected to the network and needing the address.

A protocol that lets a router represent a local network with a single global IP address to the internet.

A set of commands that create secure connections over public networks using encryption for privacy.

A network connection using public infrastructure but maintaining privacy and security through tunneling and encryption protocols.

A network of interconnected switches creating temporary connections between devices.

A network method dividing messages into smaller packets for transmission. It acts like a restaurant reservation.

The size of a data packet. Determined by the network and protocol.

Devices creating temporary connections in a switched network. Think of them as pathways.

The process of storing outgoing packets in a temporary holding area before transmission.

Wrapping a packet within a frame for transmission.

The part of a network device that handles network layer functions, such as finding the next hop for a packet.

The process of finding the best path for a packet by consulting a table of network destinations and corresponding addresses.

The part of a packet switch responsible for moving packets from input to output queues.

A simple switching fabric using a matrix.

A multistage switch for routing packets based on binary output port addresses.

A switch that helps avoid collisions in a banyan switch by utilizing a sorting technique.

A packet-switched network where each packet (datagram) is handled independently. Routing decisions are made for each packet individually, without a pre-established connection.

An individual packet in a datagram network.

A network type where no dedicated connection is established between sender and receiver for each packet transmission.

A table in a packet switch that maps destination addresses to forwarding ports.

The address in a packet indicating the intended recipient.

A packet-switched network that establishes connections between nodes before transmitting packets. A path is identified and used for all data transmitted from source to destination.

In virtual circuits, two types of addressing are involved. One for identifying the sender and receiver of the overall communication and another identifying the nodes along with the transmission path for the specific virtual circuit.

Datagram networks effectively allocate resources based on immediate packet transfer demands rather than pre-allocated resources.

The layer in the network architecture responsible for routing packets.