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Questions and Answers
What statement describes the use of powerline networking technology?
What statement describes the use of powerline networking technology?
- A home LAN is installed without the use of physical cabling.
- Wireless access points use powerline adapters to distribute data through the home LAN.
- New ‘smart’ electrical cabling is used to extend an existing home LAN.
- A device connects to an existing home LAN using an adapter and an existing electrical outlet. (correct)
Investment in new infrastructure is unnecessary to access the cloud.
Investment in new infrastructure is unnecessary to access the cloud.
False (B)
What type of network traffic requires Quality of Service (QoS)?
What type of network traffic requires Quality of Service (QoS)?
video conferencing
Which statement correctly describes network protocols?
Which statement correctly describes network protocols?
The process of placing one message inside another for transfer is called __________.
The process of placing one message inside another for transfer is called __________.
Using standards to develop protocols allows products from different manufacturers to interoperate successfully.
Using standards to develop protocols allows products from different manufacturers to interoperate successfully.
Which two actions would provide minimum security requirements for a small office network?
Which two actions would provide minimum security requirements for a small office network?
At which layer of the OSI model is an IP address encapsulated?
At which layer of the OSI model is an IP address encapsulated?
Match the following network characteristics with their descriptions:
Match the following network characteristics with their descriptions:
A piece of data at any layer of a networking model is called a ______.
A piece of data at any layer of a networking model is called a ______.
What is a characteristic of a scalable network?
What is a characteristic of a scalable network?
Which three layers of the OSI model are comparable in function to the application layer of the TCP/IP model? (Choose three.)
Which three layers of the OSI model are comparable in function to the application layer of the TCP/IP model? (Choose three.)
What order of the protocol stack is used by a web client to prepare a request?
What order of the protocol stack is used by a web client to prepare a request?
What is a function of Layer 4 of the OSI model?
What is a function of Layer 4 of the OSI model?
Which PDU is processed when a host computer is de-encapsulating a message at the transport layer of the TCP/IP model?
Which PDU is processed when a host computer is de-encapsulating a message at the transport layer of the TCP/IP model?
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which device performs the function of determining the path that messages should take through internetworks?
Which device performs the function of determining the path that messages should take through internetworks?
Intermediary devices initiate the encapsulation process.
Intermediary devices initiate the encapsulation process.
What is the main function of end devices on a network?
What is the main function of end devices on a network?
An employee accessing confidential pricing information from internal servers at the Head Office is using an ___ network.
An employee accessing confidential pricing information from internal servers at the Head Office is using an ___ network.
Which Internet connection option does not require that physical cables be run to the building?
Which Internet connection option does not require that physical cables be run to the building?
Match the network function to the device:
Match the network function to the device:
A converged network requires a separate network infrastructure for each type of communication technology.
A converged network requires a separate network infrastructure for each type of communication technology.
What networking trend involves the use of personal tools and devices for accessing resources on a business network?
What networking trend involves the use of personal tools and devices for accessing resources on a business network?
What command should be issued to save the router configuration for automatic use after a reboot?
What command should be issued to save the router configuration for automatic use after a reboot?
A computer in a corporate network can communicate with the Internet if it has only an IP address and subnet mask.
A computer in a corporate network can communicate with the Internet if it has only an IP address and subnet mask.
How will a computer send a packet to a destination host within the same LAN?
How will a computer send a packet to a destination host within the same LAN?
A packet leaving PC-1 has to traverse ______ hops to reach PC-4.
A packet leaving PC-1 has to traverse ______ hops to reach PC-4.
Match the following terms with their definitions in network communication:
Match the following terms with their definitions in network communication:
Which two things can be determined by using the ping command? (Choose two.)
Which two things can be determined by using the ping command? (Choose two.)
What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number 232?
What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number 232?
The transport layer uses sequence numbers to guarantee the delivery of data packets.
The transport layer uses sequence numbers to guarantee the delivery of data packets.
What IPv4 header field is used to prevent a packet from traversing a network endlessly?
What IPv4 header field is used to prevent a packet from traversing a network endlessly?
Out which interface will R1 forward a packet destined for the IP address 192.168.2.10?
Out which interface will R1 forward a packet destined for the IP address 192.168.2.10?
The code 'C' in an IPv4 routing table indicates a default route.
The code 'C' in an IPv4 routing table indicates a default route.
A host device sends data packets via __________ protocol to a web server.
A host device sends data packets via __________ protocol to a web server.
Which feature allows a host device to send a large video file while providing communication to other users simultaneously?
Which feature allows a host device to send a large video file while providing communication to other users simultaneously?
What is the next step in the router boot sequence after the IOS loads from flash?
What is the next step in the router boot sequence after the IOS loads from flash?
Match the following fields in the IPv4 header with their descriptions:
Match the following fields in the IPv4 header with their descriptions:
The ______ configuration file on a Cisco router is responsible for the settings loaded at startup.
The ______ configuration file on a Cisco router is responsible for the settings loaded at startup.
Which two pieces of information are in the RAM of a Cisco router during normal operation? (Choose two)
Which two pieces of information are in the RAM of a Cisco router during normal operation? (Choose two)
What is a beneficial feature of the UDP transport protocol?
What is a beneficial feature of the UDP transport protocol?
Match the following IP addresses with their respective network designation:
Match the following IP addresses with their respective network designation:
What is indicated by the metric value in a routing table?
What is indicated by the metric value in a routing table?
The IP address 0.0.0.0 is used to indicate a valid route to a destination on a network.
The IP address 0.0.0.0 is used to indicate a valid route to a destination on a network.
What will be the consequence of an incorrectly configured default gateway on a host?
What will be the consequence of an incorrectly configured default gateway on a host?
The subnet mask helps to determine the range of IP addresses on a local network.
The subnet mask helps to determine the range of IP addresses on a local network.
What does the IP address format 172.17.4.250/24 indicate?
What does the IP address format 172.17.4.250/24 indicate?
The number of bits in an IPv4 address is ______.
The number of bits in an IPv4 address is ______.
Which two parts are components of an IPv4 address? (Choose two.)
Which two parts are components of an IPv4 address? (Choose two.)
Match the following IP address types with their definitions:
Match the following IP address types with their definitions:
What characteristic best describes a multicast transmission?
What characteristic best describes a multicast transmission?
The range of 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 is reserved for multicast groups.
The range of 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 is reserved for multicast groups.
Which of the following describes an enhancement of IPv6 over IPv4?
Which of the following describes an enhancement of IPv6 over IPv4?
NAT is essential for IPv6 because it increases security.
NAT is essential for IPv6 because it increases security.
What is the primary reason NAT is not necessary in IPv6?
What is the primary reason NAT is not necessary in IPv6?
The ______ field in the IPv6 header classifies packets for traffic congestion control.
The ______ field in the IPv6 header classifies packets for traffic congestion control.
Which command can be used on a Windows host to display the routing table?
Which command can be used on a Windows host to display the routing table?
Match the following fields of an IPv4 header with their functions:
Match the following fields of an IPv4 header with their functions:
What does a router do immediately after matching the destination IP address to a network?
What does a router do immediately after matching the destination IP address to a network?
IPv6 supports privacy capabilities while IPv4 does not.
IPv6 supports privacy capabilities while IPv4 does not.
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Study Notes
Network Protocols
- Network protocols define rules for exchanging messages between devices.
- They dictate how messages are built, formatted, and transmitted.
- They ensure interoperability between devices from different manufacturers.
OSI Model
- The Application layer of the OSI model is comparable to the Application layer of the TCP/IP model.
- The presentation, session, and transport layers of the OSI model are also comparable to the Application layer of the TCP/IP model.
- The network layer of the OSI model is where an IP address is encapsulated.
TCP/IP Model
- The Transport layer of the TCP/IP model processes segments, which are PDUs (Protocol Data Units) at this layer.
Intermediary Devices
- Intermediary devices connect end devices to the network.
- They do not generate data, but they facilitate its flow.
Network Types
- An intranet is a private network that is accessible only by employees or authorized individuals within an organization.
- An extranet is a network that allows secure access to specific external parties.
Networking Trends
- BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) allows employees to use personal devices to access company resources.
- Converged networks carry voice, video, and data over the same infrastructure, combining different communication technologies.
- Cloud computing involves accessing resources and applications over the internet.
- Powerline networking involves using existing electrical wiring to connect devices to a LAN.
Security
- Security measures like firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusion prevention devices are crucial for safeguarding networks.
Quality of Service (QoS)
- QoS prioritizes certain types of traffic, ensuring smooth delivery for applications like video conferencing.
Data Protection
- Complex passwords contribute to data confidentiality, protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access.
Scalable Networks
- Scalable networks can accommodate growth in traffic without negatively impacting existing users.
Network Communication
- A broadcast message reaches all devices on a local area network.
- Encapsulation involves wrapping data in "layers" of information for transmission.
Protocol Stack Order
- When a web client sends a request, the protocol stack order is HTTP, TCP, IP, Ethernet.
Default Gateway & Network Communication
- Incorrectly configured default gateway on a host prevents communication with hosts on other networks.
- The default gateway is the logical address of the router interface on the same network as the host.
Communication Types
- Multicast communication involves a single packet being sent to a group of hosts.
- Unicast communication involves communication between a single sender & single receiver.
IP Addressing
- IPv4 addresses consist of 32 bits.
- An IPv4 address consists of a network portion and a host portion.
- The IP address 172.17.4.250/24 represents a host address.
- The subnet mask is used to determine the subnet to which the host belongs.
- The slash notation /20 represents the subnet mask 255.255.240.0.
- Multicast transmissions use source addresses within the range 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255.
- Private IP addresses include 10.1.1.1, 172.16.4.4, and 192.168.5.5.
Network Tools
- The ping command can be used to determine if a destination device is reachable through the network.
- The ping command also measures the average time it takes a packet to reach the destination and return.
Binary Conversion
- The binary equivalent of the decimal number 232 is 11101000.
- The decimal equivalent of the binary number 10010101 is 149.
Multiplexing & Bandwidth Management
- Multiplexing allows different communication streams to occur simultaneously without a single stream consuming all available bandwidth.
Transport Layer & Port Numbers
- The destination port number is used by the transport layer at the receiver to pass the data stream to the proper application on the server.
UDP Protocol
- UDP is a connectionless transport protocol, prioritizing speed over reliability.
- UDP is less likely to incur delays in transmission compared to TCP.
IPv4 Header Fields
- The Time-to-Live field in the IPv4 header prevents packets from traversing a network endlessly.
- The Protocol field in the IPv4 header identifies the upper layer protocol carried in the packet.
Routing Table & Interface Selection
- Based on the provided routing table details, the route with "Network Destination" 192.168.10.0, "Netmask" 255.255.255.0, and "Gateway" On-link will be used to reach PC2.
- R1 will forward the packet destined for 192.168.2.10 out of the FastEthernet0/1 interface.
Router Configuration & Boot Sequence
- "C" in an IPv4 routing table on a Cisco router indicates a directly connected route.
- The next step in the router boot sequence after the IOS loads from flash is to locate and load the startup-config file from NVRAM.
- The RAM of a Cisco router during normal operation contains the Cisco IOS and the IP routing table.
- The startup configuration file contains commands used to initially configure a router on startup.
IPv6 Enhancements
- IPv6 addresses are based on 128-bit flat addressing, unlike IPv4's 32-bit hierarchical addressing.
- The IPv6 header is simpler than the IPv4 header, improving packet handling.
NAT & IPv6
- NAT is not needed in IPv6 due to the vast IPv6 address space, allowing each host to obtain a public IPv6 address.
IPv6 Flow Label
- The Flow Label field in the IPv6 header informs network devices to maintain the same path for real-time application packets.
Routing Table Commands
- The "route print" and "netstat -r" commands can be used on a Windows host to display the routing table.
Router Forwarding Process
- The router, after matching the destination IP address to a network on a directly connected routing table entry, will switch the packet to the directly connected interface.
Saving Router Configuration
- The command "copy running-config startup-config" saves the router configuration so that it is automatically used on reboot.
Network Configuration Requirements
- For Internet access, a device needs to be configured with the default gateway address in addition to IP address, subnet mask, and DNS server.
Packet Transmission in LAN
- A packet sent from a computer to a destination host within the same LAN is directly sent to the destination host.
Packet Hops
- A packet leaving PC-1 to reach PC-4 needs to traverse 3 hops, based on the provided network diagram detail.
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