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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of the application layer when communicating over a network?
What is the main purpose of the application layer when communicating over a network?
- To standardize the port addresses for popular services
- To find the numeric network address of the destination computer (correct)
- To handle the segmentation and reassembly of messages
- To manage the routing of packets through the network
What information does the TCP software use when an application layer program generates an outgoing message?
What information does the TCP software use when an application layer program generates an outgoing message?
- The source application name and the destination application name
- The source port address and the destination port address (correct)
- The source MAC address and the destination MAC address
- The source IP address and the destination IP address
What is the standard port address used for web servers on the Internet?
What is the standard port address used for web servers on the Internet?
- Port 80 (correct)
- Port 25
- Port 21
- Port 23
What is the purpose of segmenting in the context of network communication?
What is the purpose of segmenting in the context of network communication?
What is one of the challenges at the transport layer when it comes to segmenting messages?
What is one of the challenges at the transport layer when it comes to segmenting messages?
Which of the following is not a standardized port address for a popular Internet service?
Which of the following is not a standardized port address for a popular Internet service?
What is the primary reason for the development of IPv6?
What is the primary reason for the development of IPv6?
Which layer of the Internet Protocol Suite is responsible for end-to-end delivery of messages?
Which layer of the Internet Protocol Suite is responsible for end-to-end delivery of messages?
Which protocol is not a primary function of the transport layer?
Which protocol is not a primary function of the transport layer?
For which network was the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) originally developed?
For which network was the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) originally developed?
What is the typical size of the header in a TCP segment?
What is the typical size of the header in a TCP segment?
Which protocol is connectionless and does not provide reliability or flow control?
Which protocol is connectionless and does not provide reliability or flow control?
What is the primary function of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)?
What is the primary function of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)?
Which protocol is responsible for routing messages to their final destination in the TCP/IP suite?
Which protocol is responsible for routing messages to their final destination in the TCP/IP suite?
What is the size of a typical TCP header, excluding options?
What is the size of a typical TCP header, excluding options?
Which organization developed the TCP/IP protocol suite?
Which organization developed the TCP/IP protocol suite?
Which statement about the Internet Protocol Suite is true?
Which statement about the Internet Protocol Suite is true?
What information does the destination port in the TCP header provide?
What information does the destination port in the TCP header provide?
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Study Notes
Finding Destination Computer's Address
- The application layer needs to find the numeric network address of the destination computer.
- Each application layer software package has a unique port address.
Port Addresses
- Standardized port addresses are used for popular services:
- Web server: port 80
- FTP servers: port 21
- Telnet: port 23
- SMTP: port 25
Segmenting
- Segmenting involves breaking down large application layer messages into smaller segments for transmission and reassembling them at the destination.
- The transport layer decides how big to make the segments.
IPv4 and IPv6
- IPv4 allows for approximately 4.2 billion addresses, but some are reserved.
- IPv6 allows for 3.4 x 10^38 addresses, more than enough for the foreseeable future.
Transport Layer
- The transport layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery of messages.
- It links the application layer with the network layer.
- Breaking long messages into smaller segments is a key function of the transport layer.
TCP/IP
- TCP/IP was developed in 1974 for the U.S. Department of Defense's Advanced Research Project Agency network (ARPANET).
- It is the transport/network layer protocol used on the Internet.
- TCP/IP allows for reasonably efficient and error-free transmission.
TCP
- A typical TCP segment has a 192-bit header (24 bytes) of control information.
- The destination port tells the TCP software at the destination which application layer program the application layer packet should be sent to.
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