Chapter 7

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes the distance vector algorithm?

  • It computes the least cost paths from all nodes centrally.
  • It uses the Bellman-Ford Equation for routing. (correct)
  • It is exclusively used in intra-ISP routing.
  • It is a decentralized algorithm with no information exchange.

Which of the following protocols is an example of link state routing?

  • EIGRP
  • RIP
  • OSPF (correct)
  • BGP

What is a key characteristic of per-router control?

  • Each router contains individual components of routing algorithms. (correct)
  • It is exclusively used for intra-AS routing.
  • Routing decisions are made centrally by one controller.
  • Routing updates are sent infrequently between routers.

What protocol is commonly associated with network management?

<p>SNMP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of routing in the network layer?

<p>To determine the route taken by packets from source to destination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which routing algorithm is known for its centralized approach?

<p>Dijkstra’s Link-State Routing Algorithm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Software-Defined Networking (SDN)?

<p>It centralizes control by using a remote controller to manage forwarding tables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of routing algorithms, what is meant by 'link costs'?

<p>The metric used to determine the efficiency of routing paths. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Autonomous Systems' refer to in inter-AS routing?

<p>A collection of networks under a single administrative domain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of network management?

<p>Determination of routing paths. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Network Layer: Control Plane Roadmap

  • The network layer manages the control plane, crucial for routing decisions.
  • Routing protocols ensure efficient data packet travel across networks.
  • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) aids in error reporting and diagnostics.

Network Layer Functions

  • Forwarding is the process of directing packets from input to output within a router.
  • Routing determines the optimal path for packet delivery from source to destination.

Approaches to Structuring Network Control Plane

  • Per-Router Control (Traditional):
    • Each router independently computes routing info using its algorithm.
    • Operates in a decentralized manner based on neighbor interactions.
  • Logically Centralized Control (Software-Defined Networking):
    • A remote controller manages forwarding tables across multiple routers.

Routing Protocols

  • Link State Protocol:
    • Example: OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) efficiently updates routing information.
  • Distance Vector Protocol:
    • Examples include RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol).
    • Utilizes the Bellman-Ford equation for calculating optimal paths.

Graph Abstraction

  • Link Costs represent the cost associated with direct connections between nodes (e.g., c(u,v)).
  • Routing algorithms can be classified as global (centralized) or decentralized (distributed).

Routing Algorithms

  • Dijkstra’s Link-State Routing Algorithm:
    • Centralized method to calculate the shortest paths from a specific node to all others.
  • Distance Vector Algorithm:
    • Utilizes the Bellman-Ford equation where nodes broadcast distance estimates to neighbors.

Routing and Forwarding

  • Intra-AS Routing includes protocols like RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF for routing within an autonomous system.
  • Inter-AS Routing involves gateway routers that manage routing between multiple autonomous systems.

Network Management

  • Network Management encompasses deployment, integration, and coordination of network resources.
  • Key components include managing servers, managed devices, and agent data handling.
  • Common protocols for network management include CLI, SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), and NETCONF/YANG.

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

  • ICMP is essential for network error reporting and diagnostics.
  • Traceroute utilizes ICMP by applying TTL (Time To Live) probing to trace and map network paths.

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