Network Layer - Cisco Introduction to Networks
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When a host wants to communicate with a remote host, it must first obtain the MAC address of which device?

  • The default gateway (correct)
  • The DNS server
  • The local router
  • The next host

A host can communicate with another host on the same network without needing the router.

True (A)

What is the purpose of a default gateway?

To direct traffic from a local network to remote networks.

A device on the LAN must have the ____ of the router to send traffic remotely.

<p>default gateway</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Default Gateway = The router that connects a local network to remote networks ARP = Protocol to find the MAC address associated with an IP address Routing Table = A table that lists the routes to various network destinations DHCP = Protocol to automatically assign IP addresses to devices on a network</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a host obtain the IP address of the default gateway?

<p>Statically or through DHCP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A static route in the routing table is considered a last resort for routing traffic.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What command can be used in Windows to display the routing table?

<p>route print</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of dynamic routing?

<p>Automatic adjustment of routes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The show ip route command only displays static routes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one routing protocol that was mentioned in connection with the show ip route command.

<p>OSPF or EIGRP</p> Signup and view all the answers

The letter 'C' in the show ip route command stands for a __________ network.

<p>directly connected</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command would typically show the routing table?

<p>show ip route (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Static routes are automatically configured by the system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command would you use to view the sources of routes in an IP routing table?

<p>show ip route</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of static routes?

<p>They are manually configured items. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Static routes can automatically discover remote networks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the routing source letters with their meanings:

<p>L = Directly connected local interface C = Directly connected network S = Static route D = Dynamic route (EIGRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of networks are static routes typically used?

<p>Small or non-redundant networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dynamic routes maintain up to date information and choose the best path to the __________.

<p>destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a default route in a routing table?

<p>To forward all traffic when there is no match in the routing table (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A directly connected route is manually configured by a network administrator.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following routing types with their characteristics:

<p>Static Routes = Manually configured and do not adapt automatically Dynamic Routes = Automatically discover and maintain paths Network Changes = Require manual reconfiguration for static routes Default Routes = Shared among routers using dynamic routing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be done when changes occur in a network with static routes?

<p>Manually reconfigure the static routes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What command would you use on a Cisco router to view the routing table?

<p>show ip route</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dynamic routing protocols can share static default routes with other routers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ are routes that the router does not have a direct connection to and may be learned dynamically.

<p>Remote routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of route with its description:

<p>Directly Connected = Automatically added by the router Remote = Learned through dynamic routing protocols or static assignment Default = Used when no match exists in the routing table</p> Signup and view all the answers

When static routes and dynamic routes are used together, which type is usually predominant?

<p>Dynamic routes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a packet arrives at a router with no matching IP address in the routing table?

<p>It is forwarded using the default route (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Static routes are added to the routing table automatically by the router.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of routing allows routers to share routing information with each other?

<p>Dynamic routing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the router examine when it receives a packet?

<p>Destination IPv4 address (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The router only forwards packets to its destination if the source IPv4 address matches its routing table.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the default gateway in a network?

<p>The default gateway routes packets when the destination is not within the local network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the router receives a packet, it encapsulates it into a new Ethernet header and ___.

<p>trailer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process when router 1 receives a frame from the host?

<p>It examines the packet and searches for the best match in its routing table. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the router with its function:

<p>Router 1 = Receives packet from host and examines destination address Router 2 = Next hop for the packet before reaching its destination Default Gateway = Routes packets outside the local network Routing Table = Contains entries for forwarding decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Router 2 directly sends the packet to the final destination without any further routing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one important piece of information found in a router's routing table.

<p>Next hop address</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the letter 'S' signify in the context of routing tables?

<p>Static route (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IPv4 guarantees packet delivery to its destination.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a default gateway?

<p>To act as a door to other networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three types of route entries in a routing table are directly connected networks, remote networks, and __________.

<p>default routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following IP versions with their primary characteristic:

<p>IPv4 = Ran out of IP addresses IPv6 = Overcomes IPv4 limitations TCP/IP = Connection-oriented protocol UDP = Connectionless protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is IPv6 being used instead of IPv4?

<p>IPv4 lacks sufficient addresses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The IPv4 packet header consists of a single field containing the address information.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the router use to determine how to forward packets?

<p>Longer subnet mask or prefix match.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Default Gateway

A special router that connects a local network (LAN) to other networks, including the internet.

Routing

The process of sending a network packet from one device to another.

Routing Table

A table that stores information about network routes, helping devices decide the best path for data.

Default Route

A route that is used as a last resort when no other specific route is found in the routing table.

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Router Solicitation (RS)

A network packet sent to discover the MAC address of a default gateway.

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Static Configuration

A way to configure a device to use a specific IP address as its default gateway.

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Dynamically Configuring a Default Gateway

Using a protocol to automatically discover the default gateway on a network.

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Route Print or Net Stat with -r

A command used to view the contents of a device's routing table.

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Router Packet Forwarding Decision

When a router receives a packet, it examines the destination IP address and refers to its routing table to determine the best path to forward the packet.

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Router Routing Table

The router's routing table contains a list of IP address prefixes and their corresponding next-hop routers or interfaces.

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Packet Encapsulation

The process of encapsulating a packet with a new Ethernet header and trailer before forwarding it to the next hop.

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Router Interface

The interface on a router where a packet arrives or is sent.

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Best Match Routing

A router's routing table is used to select the best path to forward packets, based on the destination IP address.

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Router Decision Process

The router examines the destination IP address in the packet and searches its routing table for the best match, finding the next hop router or interface to send the packet to.

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Packet Hop

The route a packet takes through a network, from the source host to the destination host.

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What is dynamic routing?

Dynamic routing automatically determines the best path for data packets to travel between networks.

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What information does the show ip route command provide?

The show ip route command displays the routing table on a network device. It shows the different routes that are available for data to travel.

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What does 'l' mean in the show ip route command?

In the show ip route command output, 'l' indicates a route created for a directly connected network interface.

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What does 'C' mean in the show ip route command?

In the show ip route command output, 'C' indicates a route created for a directly connected network.

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What does 'S' mean in the show ip route command?

In the show ip route command output, 'S' indicates a route configured manually by an administrator, known as a static route.

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What does 'D', 'E', 'I', 'G', 'R', 'P' represent in show ip route output?

A dynamic routing protocol like RIP or OSPF is automatically learned by the network device - not manually configured.

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Why is dynamic routing important?

Dynamic routing is the most important type of routing for large networks, enabling efficient data transfer.

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Directly Connected Routes

Routes that are automatically created by the router when an interface is active and has an IP address. These routes represent direct connections to the router.

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Remote Routes

Routes that are learned by the router through static configuration or dynamic routing protocols. These routes represent connections to networks outside of the router's direct reach.

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Packet Forwarding

The process of examining incoming packets and choosing the next hop router based on the destination IP address and the router's routing table.

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Dynamic Routing Protocols

A mechanism for routers to exchange routing information with each other, enabling them to learn about remote networks.

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Static Route

A manually configured route that specifies the path for traffic to reach a particular destination, often used for specific networks or to provide redundancy.

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Show IP Route

A command used on Cisco devices to display the routing table, showing active routes and their information.

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What are static routes?

Static routes are manually configured routes that are used to direct network traffic to specific destinations. They are best suited for small, non-redundant networks like home offices or small businesses.

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How are static routes typically used?

Static routes are typically used in conjunction with dynamic routing protocols. This approach allows dynamic routing to handle most routing tasks, while static routes can be used to configure specific routes or provide redundancy.

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What happens when you change a network with static routes?

If you make changes to your network, you need to manually update any static routes on your routers. This is because they don't automatically adjust to network changes.

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What are dynamic routing protocols?

Dynamic routing protocols automatically discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, and choose the best path for network traffic.

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How do dynamic routing protocols handle static routes?

Dynamic routing protocols can share static default routes with other routers. This allows routers with dynamic routing to learn about static routes configured on other devices.

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What's the advantage of using dynamic routing?

Dynamic routing makes managing network changes easier. When network configurations change, dynamic routing protocols adjust automatically, eliminating the need to manually reconfigure routers.

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How do routers communicate in a dynamic routing network?

In a network using dynamic routing, routers communicate with each other to exchange routing information. This allows them to learn about available paths and choose the best route for network traffic.

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What is IP?

A network layer protocol that is connectionless, best-effort, and media independent. It does not guarantee packet delivery.

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What does the IP packet header consist of?

IP packets contain a header with information about the packet, including source and destination addresses, and protocol type.

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Why is IPv6 used?

It overcomes IPv4 limitations, providing more addresses and improved security. It offers end-to-end connectivity and reduced network complexity.

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How does a device determine the destination of a packet?

The device receiving a packet decides if the destination is itself, another local host on the same network, or a remote host on a different network.

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What is a default gateway?

A router on a LAN network acts as a gateway to other networks.

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What is a routing table?

Contains address prefixes and associated routes for different networks, indicating where to forward packets based on the destination address.

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How does a router select a route for a packet?

The router uses the longest subnet mask/prefix match to find the most specific route for a packet.

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What are the three types of routes in a routing table?

Directly connected networks, remote networks, and default routes.

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Study Notes

Network Layer

  • This module covers the network layer, module eight of the Cisco introduction to networks lecture series.
  • The network layer is the third layer in the OSI model, between the data link layer and transport layer.
  • Network layer protocols encapsulate transport layer segments (PD), used for communication between hosts.
  • The primary protocols are IPv4 and IPv6, used to allow devices to exchange data.
  • IPv4 and IPv6 differ in their structure and functionalities.
  • The Network layer performs tasks of addressing, encapsulation, routing, and decapsulation.
  • The network layer's role is to forward encapsulated transport layer Protocol Data Units (PDUs) between hosts.
  • IP encapsulates transport layer segments—IPv4 or IPv6 packet format—and the addressing does not change as the packet travels across a network.
  • IP is connectionless, meaning no connection needs to be established before sending a packet.
  • IP is a best effort protocol; it does not guarantee delivery of packets.
  • IP uses a best-effort approach—without any mechanism to resend lost data – and does not expect acknowledgement from the recipient.
  • Packets can travel across any type of data link (copper, wireless, fiber optic).

IPv4 Packets

  • The IP version 4 packet header has several characteristics, typically read from left to right in four-byte chunks.
  • The most important fields are the source and destination addresses.
  • Other fields include Version, Internet Header Length (IHL), Type of Service (ToS), total length, identification, flags, fragment offset, time to live (TTL), protocol, header checksum, source IP address, destination IP address, and options.

IPv6 Packets

  • IPv6 has a simplified header compared to IPv4, with a fixed length of 40 bytes.
  • IPv6 packets do not fragment the packets, reducing network latency.
  • It eliminates the reliance on the Network Address Translation (NAT) protocol, greatly reducing network complexity.
  • Increased addressing space compared to IPv4, enabling more devices to connect to the Internet.

Routing

  • Routers forward packets across networks.
  • Routers maintain routing tables.
  • Types of routes in a table: directly connected, remote, and default.
  • Static routing involves manually configuring routes, while dynamic routing automatically discovers and updates routes across networks.

Host Routing

  • Hosts also maintain routing tables.
  • Hosts determine whether the destination is on the same Local Area Network (LAN) or a different network.
  • Hosts use the default gateway for external routing.

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