Network Boundaries and Troubleshooting
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a router?

  • To provide power to network devices.
  • To manage Layer 2 network traffic.
  • To connect multiple Layer 3, IP networks. (correct)
  • To act as a firewall.

    • A router's routing table is concerned with the exact addresses of individual hosts.

    False (B)

    What protocol do routers typically use to automatically assign IP addresses to client devices?

    DHCP

    Each interface on a router is connected to a ______ network.

    <p>separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'C' indicate in a routing table entry?

    <p>Connected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Switches make forwarding decisions based on Layer 3 IP addresses.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the address assigned to the interface that identifies the local network connected to a router?

    <p>IPv4 address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their function or description:

    <p>Default Gateway = Path that enables hosts to connect to other networks DHCP Server = Automatically assigns and provides IP addresses Routing Table = Stores information about networks and best paths External Network = Network on the internet side of the router</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can entries be made to a routing table?

    <p>Either dynamically or manually (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a router cannot determine where to forward a message, it will forward it through some default channel.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a default route?

    <p>To prevent packets from being dropped when the destination network is not in the routing table.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process used to convert private addresses to internet-routable addresses is called ______.

    <p>Network Address Translation (NAT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of using NAT?

    <p>Saves public IP addresses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of NAT?

    <p>Default NAT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the NAT terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Inside Local = Private IP of a device within the local network. Inside Global = Public IP used to represent the local device on the internet. Outside Local = Public IP address of an external device from the local perspective. Outside Global = Public IP of the external device used on the internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of NAT, what does a router do when it receives a packet to be sent to an external network?

    <p>The router translates the private IP to a public IP and logs it in the NAT table and forwards the packet with the public IP as the source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PAT stand for in networking?

    <p>Port Address Translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In NAT overloading, multiple private hosts can share one public IP address.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ARP?

    <p>Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A subnet mask divides an IP address into network and ______ portions.

    <p>host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the command-line tools with their functions:

    <p>ping = Tests host IP stack initialization and network connectivity traceroute = Displays the route and transit delays of network packets ipconfig /all = Shows the PC's network configuration arp -a = Displays IP-to-MAC address mappings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of using PAT?

    <p>If the PAT router fails, all communication using the public IP stops. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The default gateway for a network can be the same as the broadcast address.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of usable IP addresses in the subnet 192.168.1.64 /27?

    <p>192.168.1.65 - 192.168.1.94</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which IP address is incorrectly configured as a host address on the Payroll LAN?

    <p>192.168.1.87 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A host with the IP address 192.168.10.65 is a valid host on the 192.168.10.64/26 subnet.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the broadcast address for the WAN Link subnet 192.168.1.40/29?

    <p>192.168.1.47</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A subnet mask of /28 is equivalent to _________ in dotted decimal notation.

    <p>255.255.255.240</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which device is most likely to implement NAT.

    <p>Router (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When configuring the IP settings on a computer to communicate with another computer on a different subnet, which is the correct configuration?

    <p>Configure the computer with a default gateway that matches the IP address of the interface of the router that is attached to the same subnet as the computer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When connecting two hosts directly via their ethernet interface, and ping attempts are unsuccessful, what can be done to establish connectivity?

    <p>A crossover cable should be used in place of the straight-through cable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following subnets with their usable host ranges:

    <p>192.168.1.24/29 = 192.168.1.25 - 192.168.1.30 192.168.1.40/29 = 192.168.1.41 - 192.168.1.46 192.168.1.80/29 = 192.168.1.81 - 192.168.1.86 192.168.10.32/28 = 192.168.10.33 - 192.168.10.46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Network Boundaries and Troubleshooting

    • Routers act as gateways, enabling communication between different networks.
    • Each router interface connects to a separate network.
    • The IPv4 address assigned to an interface identifies its connected local network.
    • Host PCs typically set the router as their default gateway.

    Routers as DHCP Servers

    • DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network server that automatically assigns IP addresses, default gateways, and other network parameters to client devices.
    • Wireless routers configured as DHCP servers automatically provide the correct interface IPv4 address to hosts as their default gateway.
    • The default IPv4 address on a local wireless router is often the first host address on that network.
    • Internet Service Providers (ISPs) use DHCP servers to provide IPv4 addresses to the internet side of routers, often termed the external or outside network.
    • When connected to an ISP, a wireless router acts as a DHCP client to receive an external network IPv4 address for its internet interface, enabling internet access.

    Importance of Routing

    • Routers connect multiple Layer 3 (logical) IP networks.
    • Switches make forwarding decisions based on Layer 2 (physical) MAC addresses.

    Routing Table Entries

    • Routing tables store information about networks and optimal paths to reach them.
    • Entries can be dynamically updated from other routers or manually configured.
    • If a router cannot determine a route, it drops the message.
    • A default route ensures packets aren't dropped if the destination network isn't listed.

    Assessment (Host Configuration)

    • Default gateway configuration allows local network computers to communicate with devices on other networks.

    Assessment (Devices with Specific Gateways)

    • Default gateways for different hosts (H1, H2, H3) are listed as 192.168.1.1, 10.0.0.1, and 172.16.0.50 respectively.

    Network Address Translation (NAT)

    • NAT converts private addresses to public internet-routable addresses.
    • Private addresses are translated to public, and vice versa, for incoming packets.
    • NAT improves flexibility and security but breaks end-to-end IP traceability and potentially causes delays.

    NAT Types

    • Static NAT: One-to-one mapping of private to public IP addresses.
    • Dynamic NAT: Uses a pool of public IPs dynamically assigned to private IPs.
    • Port Address Translation (PAT): Maps multiple private hosts to a single public IP address using unique port numbers.

    Network Address Translation - Terms

    • Inside Local: Private IP address within a local network.
    • Inside Global: Public IP representing a local device on the internet.
    • Outside Local: Public IP viewed from a local perspective.
    • Outside Global: Public IP of an external device on the internet.

    How NAT Works

    • Hosts send packets with private IP addresses.
    • The router translates the private IP to a public IP and logs it in the NAT table.
    • The router forwards the packet with the public IP.
    • The external host responds to the public IP.
    • The router translates the public IP back to the private IP and delivers the response.

    How NAT Works (PAT)

    • Multiple private hosts share a single public IP.
    • Assigned unique ports help distinguish each host's communication.
    • Router translates the private IP and port numbers to public IP and port numbers for outgoing traffic.
    • The router reverses the translation for incoming traffic, routing to the appropriate private host.

    IP Addresses (Private vs Public)

    • 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16 are private IP address ranges.

    Advantages of NAT

    • NAT allows many private IP addresses to share one public IP address, conserving public IP addresses.

    IP Addressing Basics

    • IP addresses are unique identifiers for devices on a network.
    • Subnet masks determine how the IP address is divided into network and host portions.
    • The default gateway routes traffic outside the local subnet.
    • Common IP addressing issues include overlapping IP addresses, incorrect subnet masks, and mismatched gateways.

    Command-Line Tools

    • Ping: Uses ICMP to test host IP stack initialization.
    • Traceroute: Measures transit delays of packets across a network.
    • ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses, bridging Layer 3 and Layer 2 communication on a local network.
    • ipconfig /all: Displays PC network configuration.

    IP Troubleshooting

    • Steps for troubleshooting IP issues:
      1. Verify IP configuration.
      2. Check subnet mask and gateway.
      3. Analyze network topology.
      4. Test communication.

    IP Troubleshooting Analysis

    • Valid hosts and broadcast addresses are checked for proper configuration in various network segments.
    • Hosts should not use broadcast addresses as IP addresses.

    Checkpoint Questions (Various)

    • Answers to various checkpoint questions are provided, focusing on device suitability for NAT implementation, desirable IP configuration settings for subnet communication, and the technology to handle numerous users needing internet access from a limited public IP address range.

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    Related Documents

    Troubleshooting IP and NAT PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts related to routers, including their role as gateways and DHCP servers. It explores how routers connect different networks, manage IP addressing, and function as default gateways for host PCs. Test your understanding of these critical networking components.

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