.NET Platform and C# Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does the manifest primarily document?

  • The detailed implementation of methods in the assembly
  • The set of external assemblies required and assembly characteristics (correct)
  • The performance metrics of the compiled code
  • The runtime errors that may occur

Which of the following types is NOT defined under the Common Type System (CTS)?

  • Interface
  • Enumeration
  • Class
  • Array (correct)

What keyword is used in C# to declare a class type?

  • declare
  • define
  • class (correct)
  • type

What is the purpose of the .assembly extern directive in the manifest?

<p>To list the external dependencies required by the assembly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many distinct type categories does the CTS document?

<p>Five (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the use of classes in .NET languages?

<p>Classes are essential for object-oriented programming and can contain members and data points (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key characteristic of the assembly discussed in the document?

<p>It has a version number of 1:0:0:0 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of the .NET framework?

<p>Allows multiple versions of the framework to coexist on a machine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the .hash algorithm in the manifest indicate?

<p>The type of hash function used for the assembly's identity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Common Type System (CTS) ensure?

<p>All .NET languages share a well-defined set of types. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the Common Language Specification (CLS)?

<p>It establishes guidelines for language interoperability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which programming languages can primarily be used for .NET applications?

<p>C#, F#, and VB.NET. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of .NET applications simplifies the deployment model?

<p>They do not need to be registered into the system registry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the core features of the .NET base class libraries?

<p>It allows for the building of various types of applications using predefined types. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature of .NET enables cross-language integration?

<p>Cross-language inheritance, exception handling, and debugging. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a JIT compiler in the.NET framework?

<p>To compile CIL code into platform-specific instructions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the .NET platform ensure its applications are platform-independent?

<p>Via a common runtime engine shared across different environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a JIT compiler optimize performance for different types of devices?

<p>By optimizing the jitter for low-memory or high-memory environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What utility in.NET is used to pre-JIT code, enabling faster execution?

<p>crossgen.exe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the metadata in a.NET assembly describe?

<p>Every type defined in the binary, including types and members. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to CIL instructions when a method is invoked for the first time?

<p>They are cached as machine code for subsequent invocations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of the meticulous nature of.NET type metadata?

<p>It makes assemblies self-describing entities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why has the release of.NET 6 reduced the need for alternative platforms like Mono?

<p>Due to its enhanced cross-platform capabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the JIT compiler retain in memory for later use?

<p>Compiled machine code of methods previously invoked. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the CLSCompliant attribute in C#?

<p>To check code against CLS rules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between the CTS and CLS?

<p>CTS defines how types are defined, while CLS defines how they are represented (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the .NET Runtime?

<p>To serve as a collection of services for executing code (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the CLS define regarding enumerations?

<p>The base type used for storage of enumerations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is an understanding of CTS and CLS typically not necessary for most .NET developers?

<p>They are only relevant for tool and compiler builders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the .NET platform organize its types within base class libraries?

<p>By employing a namespace concept (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about using the CLSCompliant attribute with the C# compiler?

<p>It generates a warning for any CLS violations detected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of the .NET Runtime compared to other runtimes?

<p>It provides a single, well-defined runtime layer for all .NET languages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a using statement to be recognized as global?

<p>It must be prefixed with the global keyword. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can global using statements be placed aside from Program.cs?

<p>In a completely separate file like GlobalUsings.cs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following application types does not use any global implicit using statements?

<p>None; all application types use them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the advantages of global implicit using statements in C# 10?

<p>They simplify code by reducing the need for repetitive using statements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which namespace is included in the implicit global using statements for a Web application?

<p>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should global using statements be ordered relative to non-global using statements?

<p>Global using statements must precede non-global using statements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature introduced with .NET 6 enhances the use of namespaces in applications?

<p>Implicit global using statements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a listed namespace for a Client application (Microsoft.NET.Sdk)?

<p>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Logging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function does .NET Standard serve in relation to .NET Framework and .NET Core?

<p>It provides a uniform set of BCL APIs across all .NET implementations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about C# is accurate?

<p>C# shares syntactic similarities with both Java and VB. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of .NET Standard 2.1?

<p>.NET Framework cannot use .NET Standard 2.1. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature differentiates C# from traditional functional programming languages?

<p>C# includes a Language Integrated Query (LINQ). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a correct characteristic of .NET Standard?

<p>It allows developers to create libraries that can run on any .NET platform. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influence does Visual Basic have on C#?

<p>C# includes support for class properties and optional parameters like Visual Basic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kind of programming constructs does C# share with functional languages?

<p>C# supports lambda expressions and anonymous types. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the availability of .NET APIs in .NET Standard aim to reduce?

<p>The need for platform-specific implementation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

.NET Platform

A software framework for building web applications and services for various operating systems, including Windows, iOS, and Linux. It also supports building desktop applications like WinForms and WPF on Windows.

Common Language Runtime (CLR)

A virtual machine that manages the execution of .NET applications. It provides services such as memory management, garbage collection, and security.

Common Type System (CTS)

Defines how data types are represented and managed within the .NET framework. It ensures all .NET languages share a common understanding of data.

Common Language Specification (CLS)

A set of rules that define a subset of features common to all .NET languages. It enables interoperability between different .NET languages.

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Base Class Library (BCL)

A collection of pre-written classes and interfaces that provide fundamental functionality for .NET applications, such as input/output operations, string manipulation, and data structures.

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Cross-Language Inheritance

The ability to inherit from a class defined in one .NET language in another .NET language. For example, a C# class can inherit from a Visual Basic class.

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Cross-Language Exception Handling

The ability to catch and handle exceptions that occur in code written in a different .NET language.

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Cross-Language Debugging

The ability to debug code written in different .NET languages in a single debugging session.

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.NET Standard

A specification that defines a common set of APIs across different .NET implementations, ensuring code portability.

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Role of .NET Standard

Enables developers to create libraries usable across various .NET platforms, reducing platform-specific code and improving code reusability.

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C# Features

C# draws inspiration from various programming paradigms, including object-oriented concepts (classes, properties, methods), functional programming (lambda expressions, anonymous types), and aspects of C++ and Visual Basic.

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Benefits of C# Features

C# incorporates features from different languages, allowing developers to leverage a wide range of programming paradigms and express ideas in a flexible and powerful way.

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Language-Integrated Query (LINQ)

A powerful feature within C# that enables developers to query and manipulate data from various sources (like databases, XML files, collections) using a unified syntax.

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C# and .NET Framework Compatibility

C# versions 9 and above require .NET 5 or later which is incompatible with the .NET Framework. However, earlier C# versions have more compatibility options with .NET Framework.

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C# Relationship to Java

Although C# has a similar syntax to Java, they are distinct languages with their own unique features and capabilities. Both are part of the C language family.

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Traditional C# Syntax Influence

C# borrows syntactic constructs from different languages, primarily C-based languages, but also incorporating elements from Visual Basic (properties, optional parameters) and C++ (operator overloading, structs).

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JIT Compiler

A component in the .NET runtime that converts CIL instructions into platform-specific machine code on demand, allowing for efficient execution on different architectures.

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CIL

Common Intermediate Language, a platform-independent language used in .NET assemblies, which provides code portability across different architectures.

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Assembly

A file containing CIL instructions, metadata, and resources, which represents a unit of deployment in .NET.

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Metadata

Information about the types, members, and other elements defined in a .NET assembly, allowing for self-description and type safety.

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Pre-JIT Compilation

The process of converting CIL instructions into platform-specific machine code ahead of execution, improving startup performance by eliminating the need for on-demand compilation.

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Crossgen.exe

A utility in .NET that enables pre-JIT compilation of assemblies, improving performance and reducing the impact of JIT compilation during execution.

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Ready-to-Run Assemblies

.NET assemblies that have been pre-compiled to native machine code, reducing the need for JIT compilation at runtime and improving startup performance.

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Type Metadata

Comprehensive information about the types (classes, structures, enums) and their members (properties, methods, events) defined in a .NET assembly.

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.assembly extern

A directive used in assembly manifests to declare external assemblies required by the current assembly.

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Manifest

A file that contains metadata about an assembly, including its dependencies, version, and other characteristics.

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Types in CTS

The basic building blocks of .NET applications - classes, interfaces, structures, enumerations, and delegates.

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Class

A template for creating objects. It defines data members (fields) and methods that provide actions for those objects.

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Interface

A contract that defines a set of methods and properties that a class must implement. Enforces a specific structure.

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Structure

Value types that hold data directly, unlike classes, which refer to objects.

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Enumeration

A set of named constants. Provides a clear and organized way to represent a limited set of values.

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CLS Compliance

Ensuring your code follows the rules set by the Common Language Specification, allowing it to interact with code written in other languages.

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Runtime

A collection of services that allow compiled code to execute. For example, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a runtime.

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.NET Runtime

A specific runtime that provides a shared execution layer for all .NET languages and platforms.

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Namespace

A mechanism to organize code libraries and classes effectively.

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Base Class Libraries

A collection of pre-written, reusable code that provides common functionality for .NET developers.

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Global Using Statement

A directive that brings all the members of a namespace into scope without the need to explicitly qualify them.

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Implicit Global Using Statements

These statements are automatically included based on the type of application you're building, eliminating the need to manually add commonly used namespaces.

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Client Applications

These are applications that primarily interact with users or other systems and typically have a graphical user interface.

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Web Applications

These are applications designed to be served over the internet through a web server, allowing users to access them through web browsers.

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Worker Services

Applications designed to perform background tasks or long-running processes, often without a graphical interface.

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Project File

A file that contains settings and configuration for a project, including the global using statements.

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ImplicitUsings Element

An element in the project file that controls whether to include the Implicit Global Using Statements.

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Global Using Statements Location

They should be placed at the beginning of the file, before any other using statements.

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Study Notes

.NET Platform and C#

  • Introduced circa 2002
  • Enables multiple programming languages (C#, VB.NET, F#) to interact
  • C# code can be referenced by VB.NET code
  • .NET Core introduced in 2016
  • .NET Core is cross-platform (Windows, iOS, Linux, macOS)

.NET 5 and .NET 6

  • .NET 5 dropped the "Core" part of the name
  • C# 10 and .NET 6 released in November 2021
  • C# 10 is tied to .NET 6 or above, allowing for feature additions not previously possible

.NET Platform Goals

  • Detailed examination of C# syntax and semantics
  • Illustration of various .NET development frameworks
    • Database access with ADO.NET and Entity Framework Core
    • UI interfaces with WPF
    • RESTful services and web applications with ASP.NET Core
  • Assemblies
  • Common Intermediate Language (CIL)
  • Just-in-time (JIT) compilation
  • .NET Runtime
  • Common Type System (CTS)
  • Common Language Specification (CLS)
  • .NET Base Class Libraries (BCLs)

.NET Support Lifecycle

  • .NET versions are released more frequently than .NET Framework
  • Long-Term Support (LTS) releases receive support for an extended period
    • Critical and non-breaking fixes
    • Transition to maintenance phase before end-of-life
  • Short-Term Support (Current) releases: Six months post-LTS/Current
  • .NET 6 has LTS until 2024, .NET 5 end of support is May 2022.

.NET Platform Benefits

  • Support for numerous programming languages (C#, F#, VB.NET)
  • Shared runtime engine for all .NET languages
  • Language integration (inheritance, exceptions, debugging across languages)
  • Comprehensive base class library (thousands of types)
  • Simplified deployment model
  • Extensive command-line interface (.NET CLI)

C# Features

  • Similar syntax to Java
  • Members of the C family (C, Objective-C, C++)
  • Supports class properties, optional parameters, operator overloading, structures, enumerations, delegates, lambda expressions, and LINQ
  • Automatic memory management (garbage collection)
  • No explicit delete keyword

C# 10 Features

  • Record structs
  • Improvements to structure types
  • Global using directives
  • File-scoped namespaces
  • Property pattern matching enhancements
  • Improvements to lambda expressions
  • Record type enhancements
  • Assignment and declaration in deconstruction
  • Removal of false warnings

Managed vs Unmanaged Code

  • Managed code targets the .NET runtime
  • Can't build native COM servers or unmanaged C/C++-style programs using C#
  • Managed code is packaged into assemblies

.NET Assemblies

  • Contain CIL (Intermediate Language) instructions
  • Contain metadata describing all types
  • Assembly includes a manifest
  • Pre-compiled CIL instructions are cached for faster subsequent execution, as compiled to platform specific instructions.

Common Intermediate Language (CIL)

  • Platform-agnostic instructions
  • Compiled to platform-specific instructions by the JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler

Common Type System (CTS)

  • Defines the structure of data types and their usage
  • Specifies what data types are supported by the .Net runtime
  • Important to tool and compiler builders

Common Language Specification (CLS)

  • Baseline that defines common aspects of .NET languages
  • Set of rules that compilers must conform to
  • Used to ensure interoperability across languages

.NET Runtime

  • Executes compiled code
  • Provides services needed for code execution
  • Shared runtime layer across languages and platforms

Namespaces

  • Organize related types
  • Types in namespaces have unique names
  • System namespace is foundational for .NET

Implicit Global Usings (C# 10)

  • Global using statements place at the top of the source file.

File-scoped Namespaces (C# 10)

  • Place declarations directly inside the file, removing extra brackets.

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