Nervous Tissue Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the origin of nervous tissue in embryonic development?

  • Mesoderm
  • Notochord
  • Ectoderm (correct)
  • Endoderm

Which of the following statements about neurons is true?

  • Neurons have long axons and dendrites. (correct)
  • Neurons primarily secrete hormones.
  • Neurons are very small and non-excitable.
  • Neurons lack axons.

What role does the notochord play in nervous system development?

  • It creates the epithelial layer of the skin.
  • It serves as the primary signaling structure for muscle development.
  • It induces the differentiation of ectoderm into the neural plate. (correct)
  • It becomes part of the peripheral nervous system.

What percentage of tumors does epithelium account for?

<p>90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is primarily responsible for the transmission, reception, and integration of electrical impulses?

<p>Nervous tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

<p>Communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the characteristics of neurons?

<p>Irritability allows neurons to react to physical and chemical stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What comprises the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

<p>Brain and spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of glial cells are responsible for producing myelin in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

<p>Schwann Cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals?

<p>Dendrites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'perikaryon' refer to in a neuron?

<p>The cell body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of microglial cells?

<p>They act as immune cells in the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Sympathetic prepares the body for action, while parasympathetic promotes vegetative functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Nissl bodies in neurons?

<p>Synthesizing neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is characterized by having one axon and one dendrite?

<p>Bipolar neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do astrocytes play in the central nervous system?

<p>Support neurons and form the blood-brain barrier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a unipolar neuron during embryogenesis?

<p>Has one axon only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuron type carries impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?

<p>Sensory neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is responsible for lining the cavities of the brain and producing cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Ependymal cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the neuron is known to lack rough endoplasmic reticulum and Nissl substance?

<p>Axon hillock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells are classified as microglia?

<p>Phagocytic cells in the CNS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is most likely to cross the blood-brain barrier?

<p>An antidepressant medication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do oligodendrocytes serve in the central nervous system?

<p>Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes myelinated nerve fibers from unmyelinated nerve fibers?

<p>Myelinated nerve fibers contain nodes of Ranvier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classifying synapses by nature, which would be categorized as a chemical synapse?

<p>Synapse that uses neurotransmitters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sensory receptors would best respond to changes in temperature?

<p>Thermoreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of microglia within the central nervous system?

<p>Dispose of cellular debris and pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a type of sensory nerve ending?

<p>Axodendritic synapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific type of synapse connects an axon to another axon's terminal?

<p>Axoaxonic synapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Origin

Nervous tissue develops from the ectoderm, the outermost embryonic layer, starting in the third week of development.

Nervous Tissue Function

Nervous tissue transmits, receives, and integrates electrical signals.

Neurons

Neurons are specialized cells with long processes (axons and dendrites) for transmitting signals.

Synapse

A synapse is where neurons connect and transmit signals electrically or chemically.

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Nervous Tissue Distribution

Nervous tissue is found in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nerves, and ganglia in organs.

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Nervous system function

Communication via special signaling properties of neurons.

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Neuron irritability

Neuron's ability to react to physical and chemical stimuli.

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Neuron conductivity

Neuron's ability to transmit excitation through its structure.

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CNS (Central Nervous System)

Brain and spinal cord; processes information.

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PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

Nerves, ganglia; connects CNS to the rest of the body.

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Neuron structure (body)

Metabolic center of the neuron; contains nucleus, neurofibrils, Nissl bodies.

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Neuron process types

Includes dendrites and axons extending out from the cell body.

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Nervous system information transfer

Information is received (receptors), processed (CNS), and transmitted (effectors).

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Blood-Brain Barrier

A protective barrier formed by tightly joined endothelial cells in brain capillaries. Restricts the passage of most substances from the blood into the brain.

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Lipid-Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in fats or lipids. Highly lipid-soluble substances can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier.

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Oligodendrocytes

Specialized cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that produce myelin, a fatty sheath that insulates and speeds up nerve signal transmission

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Microglia

Small, spider-like cells in the CNS that act as the brain's immune system, engulfing debris and harmful microorganisms.

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Schwann Cells

Similar to oligodendrocytes but in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They wrap around nerve fibers to form myelin sheaths.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps between myelin sheaths on nerve fibers that allow for faster signal transmission through a process called saltatory conduction.

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Excitatory Synapse

A type of synapse where the neurotransmitter released causes the receiving neuron to become more likely to fire an action potential (signal).

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Nissl bodies

Large clumps of basophilic material found around the nucleus of neurons, composed of rough ER and ribosomes. They are responsible for protein synthesis, including neurotransmitters.

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Dendrites

Extensions of the neuron cell body that receive signals from other neurons and conduct these signals towards the cell body.

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Axon

A single, slender process that extends from the axon hillock of a neuron and conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons or target cells.

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What is unique about the axon hillock?

The axon hillock is the region where the axon emerges from the cell body. It lacks rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), ribosomes, and Nissl substance, making it specialized for signal initiation.

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Unipolar neurons

Neurons with a single process that extends from the cell body and later divides into an axon and dendrite. Found primarily in early embryonic development.

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Bipolar neurons

Neurons with one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body. Found in sensory systems like vision and olfaction.

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Pseudounipolar neurons

Neurons with a single, short process that extends from the cell body and then branches into an axon and dendrite. Essential for carrying sensory information from the periphery to the CNS.

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Multipolar neurons

Neurons with numerous extensions from the cell body, including multiple dendrites and a single axon. The most common type of neuron in the nervous system, involved in motor control and integration.

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Study Notes

Nervous Tissue Overview

  • Nervous tissue is specialized for transmitting, receiving, and integrating electrical impulses.
  • It comprises the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord.
  • The PNS comprises nerves, sensory ganglia, and autonomic ganglia.

Types of Neural Cells

  • Neurons: Responsible for transmitting information through electrical impulses.
  • Glial cells: Support and nourish neurons;
    • Astrocytes: (CNS) form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and control the chemical environment.
    • Oligodendrocytes: (CNS) produce myelin sheaths around nerve fibers.
    • Ependymal cells: (CNS) line cavities of the brain and spinal cord, producing cerebrospinal fluid.
    • Microglia: (CNS) are spider-like phagocytes; dispose of debris.
    • Schwann cells: (PNS) produce myelin sheaths around nerve fibers.
    • Satellite cells: (PNS) surround cell bodies of neurons in sensory ganglia.

Neuron Structure

  • Cell body (perikaryon): Contains the nucleus and is the metabolic center.
  • Processes (dendrites and axon): Extend from the cell body.
  • Dendrites: Conduct impulses toward the cell body.
  • Axon: Conducts impulses away from the cell body.
  • Nerve endings (synapses): Structures at the end of axons that connect with other neurons or target cells.

Neuron Classifications (Structural)

  • Unipolar: Found during early development; one axon.
  • Bipolar: One axon and one dendrite.
  • Pseudounipolar: Short single process leaving the cell body.
  • Multipolar: Many extensions from the cell body (most common).
  • Axons and dendrites differ in structure and function.

Classifications of Neurons (Functional)

  • Sensory (afferent): Carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS.
  • Motor (efferent): Carry impulses from the CNS to effector cells (muscles and glands).
  • Interneurons (association neurons): Connect sensory and motor neurons; make up most of the CNS.

Neuron Processes and Synapses

  • Axons (single or branching per neuron) conduct impulses away from the cell body.
  • Dendrites conduct impulses towards the cell body; they branch extensively allowing reception of impulses from many sources.
  • All neurons end in nerve endings (synapses) that connect with other neurons or target cells.

Synapse Structure

  • Synapses are specialized regions of contact between neurons.
  • There are two types: chemical and electrical.
  • Neurotransmitters are chemicals released from the axon at synapses and transmit the nerve impulse across the synapse.

Sensory Nerve Endings (Receptors)

  • Classified by location (exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors).
  • Classified by stimulus type (chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors).
  • Classified by structure (free nerve endings, hair follicle endings, encapsulated endings - tactile corpuscle of Meissner, corpuscle of Pacini, Ruffini endings, muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ).
  • These structures are located throughout the body and enable the sensory aspects of function.

Nervous Tissue Activity

  • Nervous tissue is involved in reception, processing, and transmission of information throughout the body.
  • Neural pathways are routes of information transmission, encompassing sensory and motor pathways.

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Nervous Tissue PDF

Description

Explore the intricate structure and function of nervous tissue, which is essential for transmitting and integrating electrical impulses in the body. This quiz covers the components of the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as the various types of neural cells like neurons and glial cells. Test your knowledge on how these elements work together to maintain body functions.

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