Nervous Tissue: CNS, PNS, Brain Regions
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following glial cells is responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system (CNS)?

  • Schwann cells
  • Microglia
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes (correct)

What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

  • To provide structural support to the brain
  • To regulate the temperature of the brain
  • To protect the brain from harmful substances and pathogens (correct)
  • To produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Which of the following is NOT a component of the blood-brain barrier?

  • Tight junctions between endothelial cells
  • Ependymal cells (correct)
  • Thick basement membrane
  • Processes of astrocytes

The dural reflection that separates the occipital lobe and the cerebellum is called:

<p>Tentorium cerebelli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between cranial meninges and cranial nerves at skull foramina?

<p>Meninges fuse with the epineurium of cranial nerves at the foramina but do not pass beyond them, except for the optic nerve. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the central nervous system?

<p>Spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What directional term describes 'superior' when referring to structures above the brainstem?

<p>Dorsal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists only components of the hindbrain?

<p>Pons, Medulla oblongata, and Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

<p>Longitudinal Fissure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a neurosurgeon makes an incision on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata, which direction is the surgeon cutting?

<p>Anteriorly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the correct relationship between gyri and sulci and their impact on the cerebrum?

<p>Gyri and sulci both increase surface area; gyri are ridges, and sulci are grooves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is tracing a specific nerve fiber that originates from a sensory receptor in the skin of the hand and terminates within a nucleus of the spinal cord gray matter. Classify this nerve fiber based on its function and anatomical location of its termination.

<p>Somatic sensory nerve terminating in the dorsal horn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is located within the lateral fissure of the cerebrum?

<p>Insula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of matter primarily composes the cerebral cortex?

<p>Gray matter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

<p>Central sulcus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mass of gray matter located around the third ventricle?

<p>Thalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains the majority of the brain's neurons?

<p>Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure where the spinal cord tapers off inferiorly?

<p>Conus medullaris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anatomical structures are often named after their shape. Which of these structures translates to 'horse's tail'?

<p>Cauda equina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient has damage to the white matter of their cerebrum. Which of the following functions would be MOST directly affected?

<p>Information transfer between different brain regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a scenario where a previously theoretical, non-invasive imaging technique allows neuroanatomists to selectively stain and visualize specific neuronal subtypes based on their projection targets. If you were to use this technique to compare the connectivity patterns within the human cerebellum versus the cerebral cortex, which of the following observations would MOST accurately reflect known structural differences between these two regions? السوال قريب عجيب الصراحه

<p>The cerebral cortex would demonstrate a greater degree of local circuit specialization, evidenced by a higher proportion of interneurons with short-range projections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is characterized by a single, short process that immediately divides into two branches, one directed towards the central nervous system (CNS) and the other towards the periphery?

<p>Unipolar neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?

<p>Receive and conduct signals toward the cell body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of local circuit neurons (interneurons)?

<p>Processing and integrating information within a specific brain region (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of an axon?

<p>Uniform diameter along its length (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of synapse involves direct physical contact between two neurons, allowing for rapid, bidirectional communication?

<p>Electrical synapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glial cell type is predominantly found in white matter and contributes to the formation of the internal and external glial limiting membranes?

<p>Fibrous astrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Perivascular feet' and which cell has it?

<p>Cytoplasmic processes of astrocytes that surround blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional type of neuron is predominantly responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands?

<p>Motor neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons are pyramidal cells, and where are they primarily located?

<p>Large motor neurons within the somatomotor area (precentral gyrus) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the structural and functional organization of neurons, which of the following arrangements correctly depicts the directional flow of information in a typical neuron?

<p>Dendrites → Cell body → Axon → Synaptic terminals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the two halves of the spinal cord's gray matter?

<p>Gray commissure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which segments of the spinal cord are the lateral grey horns present?

<p>Thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is primarily carried by the posterior (dorsal) root of a spinal nerve?

<p>Afferent sensory information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal nerve rami contribute to the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

<p>Gray and white rami (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of sacral nerves emerge from the spinal cord?

<p>5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component found within the gray matter of the spinal cord?

<p>Anterior (ventral) white column (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are considered spinal nerve rami EXCEPT the:

<p>Intermediate ramus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order, from superior to inferior, of the number of spinal nerve pairs in each region of the vertebral column?

<p>Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST accurate functional distinction between the anterior and posterior white commissures of the spinal cord?

<p>While both commissures contain decussating fibers, the anterior commissure is larger and carries a greater variety of fiber types compared to the posterior commissure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assuming a lesion selectively damages the gray matter of the anterior horn in the lumbar region of the spinal cord on the right side ONLY, which of the following deficits would MOST likely be observed?

<p>Loss of motor function in the right leg. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Central Nervous System

The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System

Nervous system division that includes peripheral nerves and ganglia.

Sensory Nerves

Nerves that carry sensory information; divided into somatic and visceral.

Motor Nerves

Nerves responsible for movement and motor functions.

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Nucleus (in CNS)

An aggregation of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system.

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Ganglion (in PNS)

An aggregation of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

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Gyri and Sulci

Folds and grooves in the cerebrum that increase surface area.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, made of gray matter.

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Gray Matter

Aggregated cell bodies in the brain, involved in processing information.

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White Matter

Inner layer of the cerebrum composed of axon bundles (tracts).

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Basal Nuclei

Clusters of subcortical nuclei located deep within the cerebral hemispheres.

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Lateral Fissure

A groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.

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Central Sulcus

The groove that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

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Diencephalon

Mass of gray matter around the third ventricle, including thalamus and hypothalamus.

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Conus Medullaris

The tapering end of the spinal cord.

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Cauda Equina

Bundle of spinal nerves below the conus medullaris.

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Oligodendrocytes

CNS cells that form myelin sheath segments around multiple axons.

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Microglia

The macrophage cells of the CNS that act as immune defenders.

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Ependyma

Ciliated epithelium lining the ventricular system of the brain.

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Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

Protective barrier that prevents harmful substances from entering the brain.

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Cranial Meninges

Three connective tissue layers that protect the brain and enclose CSF.

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Nerve Cells

The structural and functional units of the nervous system, including a cell body, dendrites, and axon.

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Dendrites

Extensions of nerve cells that taper from the cell body and bring action potentials toward it.

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Axon

A long, uniform extension of a nerve cell that carries action potentials away from the cell body.

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Multipolar Neuron

A neuron with one axon and at least two dendrites; most common type.

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Bipolar Neuron

A neuron with one axon and one dendrite, commonly found in the retina.

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Unipolar Neuron

A neuron with a single process that splits into two branches, one to the CNS and one to the periphery.

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Synaptic Terminals

End points of an axon where neurotransmitters are released to communicate with other neurons.

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Astrocytes

A type of neuroglial cell that supports neurons and forms the blood-brain barrier, found in white and gray matter.

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Golgi Classification

Classification of neurons based on staining methods: Type I (large) and Type II (small).

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers released from presynaptic neurons that bind to receptors on postsynaptic neurons.

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Median Sulcus

A groove that divides the spinal cord into right and left halves.

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Gray Commissure

The area of gray matter that connects the two sides of the spinal cord.

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Central Canal

A small channel within the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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Anterior Grey Horn

The front part of the spinal cord's gray matter, associated with motor control.

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Posterior Grey Horn

The back part of the spinal cord's gray matter, involved in sensory processing.

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Ascending Sensory Tract

Nerve pathways that carry sensory information to the brain.

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Descending Motor Tract

Nerve pathways that transmit motor commands from the brain to the body.

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Spinal Nerves

31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal segments, serving various body functions.

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Anterior and Posterior Roots

The two roots of spinal nerves; anterior is for motor, posterior for sensory information.

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Neurons and Neuroglial Cells

The two major cell types in the central nervous system: neurons transmit signals, glia support them.

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Study Notes

Nervous Tissue Divisions

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Peripheral nerves (cranial and spinal) and ganglia
  • Sensory Nerves: Somatic and visceral (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
  • Motor Nerves

General Terms

  • Nucleus: Aggregation of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS
  • Ganglion: Aggregation of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
  • Tracts: Aggregation of axons in the CNS
  • Nerves: Aggregation of axons in the PNS

Directional Terms (Above the Brain Stem)

  • Dorsal: Superior
  • Ventral: Inferior
  • Rostral: Anterior
  • Caudal: Posterior

Directional Terms (Within the Brain Stem and Below)

  • Dorsal: Posterior
  • Ventral: Anterior
  • Rostral: Superior
  • Caudal: Inferior

Major Parts of the Brain

  • Forebrain (Prosencephalon): Cerebrum and Diencephalon
  • Midbrain (Mesencephalon): Midbrain
  • Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon): Pons, Medulla oblongata, and Cerebellum

Neurulation

  • Nervous system development begins in the third week of pregnancy

Cerebrum (Largest Part of the Brain)

  • Occupies anterior and middle cranial fossae
  • Two hemispheres separated by a longitudinal fissure (with the falx cerebri)
  • Folded into gyri and sulci to increase surface area
  • Lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula)
  • External Structure: Subdivided into lobes by sulci
  • Internal Structure:
    • Outer layer (cortex): Gray matter, containing cell bodies, folded into gyri and sulci.
    • Inner layer (white matter): Contains axons (tracts); basal nuclei (cluster of subcortical nuclei) are deep to cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon

  • Masses of gray matter surrounding the third ventricle
  • Thalamus: Dorsally located
  • Hypothalamus: Ventrally located
  • Subthalamus
  • Epithalamus

Brainstem

  • Connects the diencephalon to the spinal cord
  • Midbrain: Superior part
  • Pons: Middle part
  • Medulla: Inferior part

Cerebellum

  • Located in the posterior cranial fossa, below the occipital lobe
  • Contains a large number of neurons
  • Connected to the brainstem, spinal cord, and thalamus

Spinal Cord

  • Externally: Extends from medulla oblongata to L2 in adults
    • Conus medullaris: Where the spinal cord tapers off inferiorly
    • Filum terminale: A prolongation of pia mater
    • Cauda equina: Nerve roots of the spinal nerves
  • Internally: Butterfly-shaped gray matter surrounded by white matter
    • Gray commissure: Crosses the midline
    • Central canal: Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    • Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) white commissure

Spinal Nerves

  • 31 pairs

  • Emerge from spinal segments

    • 8 cervical -12 thoracic -5 lumbar -5 sacral -1 coccygeal

  • Two roots: Anterior (ventral) - motor, Posterior (dorsal) -sensory

  • Ganglion associated with posterior roots

  • Spinal nerve divides into Rami (branches): Posterior ramus, Anterior ramus, Gray ramus (ANS), Meningeal branch

Nerve Cells

  • Structural and functional components of the Nervous System
  • Types: Based on the number of branches
    • Multipolar (most common)
    • Bipolar
    • Unipolar
  • Classifications: Based on function or termination sites of axons.
    • Sensory neurons
    • Motor neurons
    • Local circuit neurons (interneurons)
    • Projection neurons
    • Golgi classification (based on stain)

Neuroglia

  • Support cells of the nervous system, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
  • Astrocytes: Form the blood-brain barrier (BBB), support framework, regulate neurotransmitters.
  • Oligodendrocytes: Produce myelin sheath in the CNS (multiple axons); Schwann Cells in PNS (single axon)
  • Microglia: Macrophages of the CNS
  • Ependymal Cells: Line the ventricular system, involved in CSF production and circulation

Cranial Meninges

  • Protective layers of connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
    • Dura mater: Tough, outermost layer, forms reflections (e.g., falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli)
    • Arachnoid mater: Thin, intermediate layer; CSF-filled space (subarachnoid space) between arachnoid and pia mater
    • Pia mater: Delicate, innermost layer bound tightly to brain surface

Ventricles of the Brain

  • Four interconnected cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    • Two lateral ventricles
    • Third ventricle
    • Fourth ventricle
  • Lined by ependymal cells and contain choroid plexuses that produce and circulate CSF

Cerebral Aqueduct

  • Passageway for CSF between the third and fourth ventricles.

Choroid Plexus

  • Specialized vascular structures within the ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • Composed of choroidal epithelium layer, endothelial layer, and pia mater.

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

  • Protective mechanism that restricts the passage of certain substances into the brain.
  • Tight junctions between endothelial cells of brain capillaries, basement membrane, processes of astrocytes

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NS Anatomy 1 PDF

Description

Overview of nervous tissue organization, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. Covers directional terms and major brain regions like the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Also touches on neurulation, the initial development of the nervous system.

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