Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following glial cells is responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which of the following glial cells is responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system (CNS)?
- Schwann cells
- Microglia
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes (correct)
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
- To provide structural support to the brain
- To regulate the temperature of the brain
- To protect the brain from harmful substances and pathogens (correct)
- To produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Which of the following is NOT a component of the blood-brain barrier?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the blood-brain barrier?
- Tight junctions between endothelial cells
- Ependymal cells (correct)
- Thick basement membrane
- Processes of astrocytes
The dural reflection that separates the occipital lobe and the cerebellum is called:
The dural reflection that separates the occipital lobe and the cerebellum is called:
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between cranial meninges and cranial nerves at skull foramina?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between cranial meninges and cranial nerves at skull foramina?
Which of the following is a component of the central nervous system?
Which of the following is a component of the central nervous system?
What directional term describes 'superior' when referring to structures above the brainstem?
What directional term describes 'superior' when referring to structures above the brainstem?
Which of the following lists only components of the hindbrain?
Which of the following lists only components of the hindbrain?
What anatomical structure separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
What anatomical structure separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
If a neurosurgeon makes an incision on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata, which direction is the surgeon cutting?
If a neurosurgeon makes an incision on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata, which direction is the surgeon cutting?
Which of the following describes the correct relationship between gyri and sulci and their impact on the cerebrum?
Which of the following describes the correct relationship between gyri and sulci and their impact on the cerebrum?
A researcher is tracing a specific nerve fiber that originates from a sensory receptor in the skin of the hand and terminates within a nucleus of the spinal cord gray matter. Classify this nerve fiber based on its function and anatomical location of its termination.
A researcher is tracing a specific nerve fiber that originates from a sensory receptor in the skin of the hand and terminates within a nucleus of the spinal cord gray matter. Classify this nerve fiber based on its function and anatomical location of its termination.
Which of the following structures is located within the lateral fissure of the cerebrum?
Which of the following structures is located within the lateral fissure of the cerebrum?
What type of matter primarily composes the cerebral cortex?
What type of matter primarily composes the cerebral cortex?
Which sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
Which sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
Which of the following is a mass of gray matter located around the third ventricle?
Which of the following is a mass of gray matter located around the third ventricle?
Which structure contains the majority of the brain's neurons?
Which structure contains the majority of the brain's neurons?
What is the name of the structure where the spinal cord tapers off inferiorly?
What is the name of the structure where the spinal cord tapers off inferiorly?
Anatomical structures are often named after their shape. Which of these structures translates to 'horse's tail'?
Anatomical structures are often named after their shape. Which of these structures translates to 'horse's tail'?
A patient has damage to the white matter of their cerebrum. Which of the following functions would be MOST directly affected?
A patient has damage to the white matter of their cerebrum. Which of the following functions would be MOST directly affected?
Imagine a scenario where a previously theoretical, non-invasive imaging technique allows neuroanatomists to selectively stain and visualize specific neuronal subtypes based on their projection targets. If you were to use this technique to compare the connectivity patterns within the human cerebellum versus the cerebral cortex, which of the following observations would MOST accurately reflect known structural differences between these two regions? السوال قريب عجيب الصراحه
Imagine a scenario where a previously theoretical, non-invasive imaging technique allows neuroanatomists to selectively stain and visualize specific neuronal subtypes based on their projection targets. If you were to use this technique to compare the connectivity patterns within the human cerebellum versus the cerebral cortex, which of the following observations would MOST accurately reflect known structural differences between these two regions? السوال قريب عجيب الصراحه
Which type of neuron is characterized by a single, short process that immediately divides into two branches, one directed towards the central nervous system (CNS) and the other towards the periphery?
Which type of neuron is characterized by a single, short process that immediately divides into two branches, one directed towards the central nervous system (CNS) and the other towards the periphery?
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the function of local circuit neurons (interneurons)?
What is the function of local circuit neurons (interneurons)?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of an axon?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of an axon?
What type of synapse involves direct physical contact between two neurons, allowing for rapid, bidirectional communication?
What type of synapse involves direct physical contact between two neurons, allowing for rapid, bidirectional communication?
Which glial cell type is predominantly found in white matter and contributes to the formation of the internal and external glial limiting membranes?
Which glial cell type is predominantly found in white matter and contributes to the formation of the internal and external glial limiting membranes?
What is 'Perivascular feet' and which cell has it?
What is 'Perivascular feet' and which cell has it?
Which functional type of neuron is predominantly responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands?
Which functional type of neuron is predominantly responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands?
What type of neurons are pyramidal cells, and where are they primarily located?
What type of neurons are pyramidal cells, and where are they primarily located?
Considering the structural and functional organization of neurons, which of the following arrangements correctly depicts the directional flow of information in a typical neuron?
Considering the structural and functional organization of neurons, which of the following arrangements correctly depicts the directional flow of information in a typical neuron?
What structure connects the two halves of the spinal cord's gray matter?
What structure connects the two halves of the spinal cord's gray matter?
In which segments of the spinal cord are the lateral grey horns present?
In which segments of the spinal cord are the lateral grey horns present?
What type of information is primarily carried by the posterior (dorsal) root of a spinal nerve?
What type of information is primarily carried by the posterior (dorsal) root of a spinal nerve?
Which spinal nerve rami contribute to the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Which spinal nerve rami contribute to the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
How many pairs of sacral nerves emerge from the spinal cord?
How many pairs of sacral nerves emerge from the spinal cord?
Which of the following is NOT a component found within the gray matter of the spinal cord?
Which of the following is NOT a component found within the gray matter of the spinal cord?
All of the following are considered spinal nerve rami EXCEPT the:
All of the following are considered spinal nerve rami EXCEPT the:
Which of the following is the correct order, from superior to inferior, of the number of spinal nerve pairs in each region of the vertebral column?
Which of the following is the correct order, from superior to inferior, of the number of spinal nerve pairs in each region of the vertebral column?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate functional distinction between the anterior and posterior white commissures of the spinal cord?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate functional distinction between the anterior and posterior white commissures of the spinal cord?
Assuming a lesion selectively damages the gray matter of the anterior horn in the lumbar region of the spinal cord on the right side ONLY, which of the following deficits would MOST likely be observed?
Assuming a lesion selectively damages the gray matter of the anterior horn in the lumbar region of the spinal cord on the right side ONLY, which of the following deficits would MOST likely be observed?
Flashcards
Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System
The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Nervous system division that includes peripheral nerves and ganglia.
Sensory Nerves
Sensory Nerves
Nerves that carry sensory information; divided into somatic and visceral.
Motor Nerves
Motor Nerves
Nerves responsible for movement and motor functions.
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Nucleus (in CNS)
Nucleus (in CNS)
An aggregation of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system.
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Ganglion (in PNS)
Ganglion (in PNS)
An aggregation of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.
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Gyri and Sulci
Gyri and Sulci
Folds and grooves in the cerebrum that increase surface area.
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Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
The outer layer of the cerebrum, made of gray matter.
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Gray Matter
Gray Matter
Aggregated cell bodies in the brain, involved in processing information.
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White Matter
White Matter
Inner layer of the cerebrum composed of axon bundles (tracts).
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Basal Nuclei
Basal Nuclei
Clusters of subcortical nuclei located deep within the cerebral hemispheres.
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Lateral Fissure
Lateral Fissure
A groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.
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Central Sulcus
Central Sulcus
The groove that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
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Diencephalon
Diencephalon
Mass of gray matter around the third ventricle, including thalamus and hypothalamus.
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Conus Medullaris
Conus Medullaris
The tapering end of the spinal cord.
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Cauda Equina
Cauda Equina
Bundle of spinal nerves below the conus medullaris.
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Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
CNS cells that form myelin sheath segments around multiple axons.
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Microglia
Microglia
The macrophage cells of the CNS that act as immune defenders.
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Ependyma
Ependyma
Ciliated epithelium lining the ventricular system of the brain.
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Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Protective barrier that prevents harmful substances from entering the brain.
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Cranial Meninges
Cranial Meninges
Three connective tissue layers that protect the brain and enclose CSF.
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Nerve Cells
Nerve Cells
The structural and functional units of the nervous system, including a cell body, dendrites, and axon.
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Dendrites
Dendrites
Extensions of nerve cells that taper from the cell body and bring action potentials toward it.
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Axon
Axon
A long, uniform extension of a nerve cell that carries action potentials away from the cell body.
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Multipolar Neuron
Multipolar Neuron
A neuron with one axon and at least two dendrites; most common type.
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Bipolar Neuron
Bipolar Neuron
A neuron with one axon and one dendrite, commonly found in the retina.
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Unipolar Neuron
Unipolar Neuron
A neuron with a single process that splits into two branches, one to the CNS and one to the periphery.
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Synaptic Terminals
Synaptic Terminals
End points of an axon where neurotransmitters are released to communicate with other neurons.
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Astrocytes
Astrocytes
A type of neuroglial cell that supports neurons and forms the blood-brain barrier, found in white and gray matter.
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Golgi Classification
Golgi Classification
Classification of neurons based on staining methods: Type I (large) and Type II (small).
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers released from presynaptic neurons that bind to receptors on postsynaptic neurons.
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Median Sulcus
Median Sulcus
A groove that divides the spinal cord into right and left halves.
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Gray Commissure
Gray Commissure
The area of gray matter that connects the two sides of the spinal cord.
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Central Canal
Central Canal
A small channel within the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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Anterior Grey Horn
Anterior Grey Horn
The front part of the spinal cord's gray matter, associated with motor control.
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Posterior Grey Horn
Posterior Grey Horn
The back part of the spinal cord's gray matter, involved in sensory processing.
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Ascending Sensory Tract
Ascending Sensory Tract
Nerve pathways that carry sensory information to the brain.
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Descending Motor Tract
Descending Motor Tract
Nerve pathways that transmit motor commands from the brain to the body.
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Spinal Nerves
Spinal Nerves
31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal segments, serving various body functions.
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Anterior and Posterior Roots
Anterior and Posterior Roots
The two roots of spinal nerves; anterior is for motor, posterior for sensory information.
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Neurons and Neuroglial Cells
Neurons and Neuroglial Cells
The two major cell types in the central nervous system: neurons transmit signals, glia support them.
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Nervous Tissue Divisions
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Peripheral nerves (cranial and spinal) and ganglia
- Sensory Nerves: Somatic and visceral (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- Motor Nerves
General Terms
- Nucleus: Aggregation of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS
- Ganglion: Aggregation of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
- Tracts: Aggregation of axons in the CNS
- Nerves: Aggregation of axons in the PNS
Directional Terms (Above the Brain Stem)
- Dorsal: Superior
- Ventral: Inferior
- Rostral: Anterior
- Caudal: Posterior
Directional Terms (Within the Brain Stem and Below)
- Dorsal: Posterior
- Ventral: Anterior
- Rostral: Superior
- Caudal: Inferior
Major Parts of the Brain
- Forebrain (Prosencephalon): Cerebrum and Diencephalon
- Midbrain (Mesencephalon): Midbrain
- Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon): Pons, Medulla oblongata, and Cerebellum
Neurulation
- Nervous system development begins in the third week of pregnancy
Cerebrum (Largest Part of the Brain)
- Occupies anterior and middle cranial fossae
- Two hemispheres separated by a longitudinal fissure (with the falx cerebri)
- Folded into gyri and sulci to increase surface area
- Lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula)
- External Structure: Subdivided into lobes by sulci
- Internal Structure:
- Outer layer (cortex): Gray matter, containing cell bodies, folded into gyri and sulci.
- Inner layer (white matter): Contains axons (tracts); basal nuclei (cluster of subcortical nuclei) are deep to cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
- Masses of gray matter surrounding the third ventricle
- Thalamus: Dorsally located
- Hypothalamus: Ventrally located
- Subthalamus
- Epithalamus
Brainstem
- Connects the diencephalon to the spinal cord
- Midbrain: Superior part
- Pons: Middle part
- Medulla: Inferior part
Cerebellum
- Located in the posterior cranial fossa, below the occipital lobe
- Contains a large number of neurons
- Connected to the brainstem, spinal cord, and thalamus
Spinal Cord
- Externally: Extends from medulla oblongata to L2 in adults
- Conus medullaris: Where the spinal cord tapers off inferiorly
- Filum terminale: A prolongation of pia mater
- Cauda equina: Nerve roots of the spinal nerves
- Internally: Butterfly-shaped gray matter surrounded by white matter
- Gray commissure: Crosses the midline
- Central canal: Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) white commissure
Spinal Nerves
-
31 pairs
-
Emerge from spinal segments
- 8 cervical -12 thoracic -5 lumbar -5 sacral -1 coccygeal
-
Two roots: Anterior (ventral) - motor, Posterior (dorsal) -sensory
-
Ganglion associated with posterior roots
-
Spinal nerve divides into Rami (branches): Posterior ramus, Anterior ramus, Gray ramus (ANS), Meningeal branch
Nerve Cells
- Structural and functional components of the Nervous System
- Types: Based on the number of branches
- Multipolar (most common)
- Bipolar
- Unipolar
- Classifications: Based on function or termination sites of axons.
- Sensory neurons
- Motor neurons
- Local circuit neurons (interneurons)
- Projection neurons
- Golgi classification (based on stain)
Neuroglia
- Support cells of the nervous system, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
- Astrocytes: Form the blood-brain barrier (BBB), support framework, regulate neurotransmitters.
- Oligodendrocytes: Produce myelin sheath in the CNS (multiple axons); Schwann Cells in PNS (single axon)
- Microglia: Macrophages of the CNS
- Ependymal Cells: Line the ventricular system, involved in CSF production and circulation
Cranial Meninges
- Protective layers of connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
- Dura mater: Tough, outermost layer, forms reflections (e.g., falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli)
- Arachnoid mater: Thin, intermediate layer; CSF-filled space (subarachnoid space) between arachnoid and pia mater
- Pia mater: Delicate, innermost layer bound tightly to brain surface
Ventricles of the Brain
- Four interconnected cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Two lateral ventricles
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
- Lined by ependymal cells and contain choroid plexuses that produce and circulate CSF
Cerebral Aqueduct
- Passageway for CSF between the third and fourth ventricles.
Choroid Plexus
- Specialized vascular structures within the ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Composed of choroidal epithelium layer, endothelial layer, and pia mater.
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
- Protective mechanism that restricts the passage of certain substances into the brain.
- Tight junctions between endothelial cells of brain capillaries, basement membrane, processes of astrocytes
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