Nervous Systems Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following characteristics is not typical of birds?

  • Endothermic with a high metabolic rate
  • Strong, lightweight skeleton
  • Bipedal with wings modified from arms
  • Laid eggs with a soft outer shell (correct)

    • What is the purpose of asymmetrical feathers in modern birds?

  • Attraction during mating
  • Efficient flight (correct)
  • Insulation
  • Camouflage

    • Which type of feather serves primarily to protect the eyes and face?

  • Bristles (correct)
  • Downy feathers
  • Contour feathers
  • Remiges

    • What is the evolutionary process through which feathers developed for insulation later became used for flight?

    <p>Exaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the calamus in a feather?

    <p>To connect the feather to the follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During feather development, which of the following is the last stage of growth that involves the formation of hooklets?

    <p>Interlocking of barbules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these features is characteristic of modern birds that aids in flight?

    <p>Fusion of clavicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feather is primarily responsible for covering a bird's body and providing protection?

    <p>Contour feathers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes ratites in terms of their physical abilities?

    <p>They are flightless birds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dentition do mammals exhibit?

    <p>Diphyodont dentition with two sets of teeth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes synapsids from other groups of reptiles?

    <p>Single temporal opening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of eutherian gestation compared to marsupial gestation?

    <p>Eutherian gestation facilitates nutrient transfer from mother to embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones contributes to the middle ear in mammals?

    <p>Incus bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is shared by both ancestral primates and the 'Ida' specimen?

    <p>Binocular vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is unique to New World monkeys compared to Old World monkeys?

    <p>Broad flat nasal septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining trait of therapsids within the evolutionary history of mammals?

    <p>Larger dentary bone and differentiated teeth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Out of Africa' theory suggest about human evolution?

    <p>All races of humans evolved from an ancestor in Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which locomotion mode do ungulates primarily use?

    <p>Walking on hooves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do prolactin and oxytocin play in lactation?

    <p>Stimulate milk production and delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nervous system structure involves a brain and a dorsal nerve cord?

    <p>Chordata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the sensory input function in a nervous system?

    <p>Conduction of signals from sensory receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is a significant feature of Homo genus?

    <p>Use of complex tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary advantage does bipedalism provide?

    <p>Improved lookout for predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes apes from other primates?

    <p>Larger brain size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skeletal structure is present in Arthropoda?

    <p>Exoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily allows the formation of cross-bridges in muscle contraction?

    <p>Calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which muscle type do fibers contract rapidly and powerfully?

    <p>Fast muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the I band and H zone during muscle contraction?

    <p>They decrease in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following forces must locomotion overcome?

    <p>Both gravity and friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural unit of muscle contraction?

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of locomotion is generally considered the most costly per minute?

    <p>Flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do myofibrils consist of?

    <p>Myofilaments including both thick and thin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about monotremes?

    <p>They lay leathery eggs and have a true cloaca.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the placenta of marsupials?

    <p>It has a rudimentary connection between the yolk sac and maternal tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do eutherians differ in reproductive structure compared to marsupials?

    <p>Eutherians have a single reproductive tract with one vagina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant biogeographical event for eutherians during the early Paleocene?

    <p>Dinosaurs became extinct, leading to their radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT characteristic of marsupials?

    <p>Large braincase relative to body size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the body temperature of eutherians?

    <p>Around 38°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the reproductive structures of eutherians?

    <p>They possess two uteri similar to marsupials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the evolutionary history of eutherians?

    <p>They experienced wide distribution following the extinction of dinosaurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Schwann cells play in the nervous system?

    <p>They are responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of an action potential do most sodium activation gates open?

    <p>Rising phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

    <p>They provide structural support and create tight junctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the undershoot phase of an action potential?

    <p>The membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the threshold potential in neuronal signaling?

    <p>The minimum depolarization required to initiate an action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes saltatory conduction?

    <p>It allows action potential to jump between nodes of Ranvier, speeding signal transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?

    <p>It maintains the negative charge inside the neuron at rest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do electrical synapses communicate signals between neurons?

    <p>By direct transfer of ions through gap junctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of flocking behavior in birds?

    <p>Easier predator detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breeding system is most common among bird species?

    <p>Monogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is characteristic of altricial young birds?

    <p>They require significant parental care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key feature of calls in birds?

    <p>They are simple vocalizations for various activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does flocking provide in terms of foraging?

    <p>Increased efficiency in finding food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario is polyandry observed among bird species?

    <p>When females mate with more than one male</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of flocking?

    <p>Increased visibility to predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of song in attracting a mate?

    <p>To establish territory boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eutherians from marsupials in terms of the placenta?

    <p>Eutherians have an umbilical cord for nutrient exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of the reproductive anatomy in marsupials?

    <p>Bifurcated reproductive tract in females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate body temperature of monotremes?

    <p>32°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of evolutionary history, when did eutherians begin to achieve wide distribution?

    <p>Early Paleocene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the yolk sac function in marsupial development?

    <p>It provides nutrients to the developing embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is NOT true for marsupials?

    <p>They possess a baculum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic describes the body temperature of eutherians?

    <p>Approximately 38°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature differentiates eutherians' reproductive structures from those of marsupials?

    <p>Eutherians have a separate urinary opening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between marsupials and eutherians in terms of birth and development?

    <p>Marsupials have prolonged lactation periods compared to eutherians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is characteristic of mammalian synapsids?

    <p>Single lower jaw bone (mandible).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic best describes the neocortex region of the brain in mammals?

    <p>It plays a crucial role in higher-order brain functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key evolutionary adaptation of therapsids compared to their ancestors?

    <p>Further differentiation of teeth including canines and incisors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the modes of locomotion differ among mammals?

    <p>Digitigrade locomotion allows for faster speeds compared to plantigrade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes mammals from reptiles regarding jaw structure?

    <p>Mammals possess a single bone structure in the lower jaw.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mammary glands play in the development of young mammals?

    <p>Nutritional support and transmission of passive immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the characteristic dentition of cynodonts?

    <p>Development of a hinge between the dentary and squamosal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the nervous system?

    <p>Form the myelin sheath in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the action potential propagate along the neuron?

    <p>It jumps from node to node in a process known as saltatory conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the falling phase of an action potential?

    <p>Inactivation gates on sodium channels are closing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Schwann cells play in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>Create the myelin sheath in the PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what state is a neuron when both sodium and potassium activation gates are closed?

    <p>Resting state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition must be met for an action potential to fire?

    <p>The threshold potential must be reached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the nodes of Ranvier during saltatory conduction?

    <p>Action potentials are generated rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron primarily transmits signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of skeleton is primarily characteristic of Arthropoda?

    <p>Exoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of forces must be overcome for efficient locomotion?

    <p>Gravity and friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do calcium ions play in muscle contraction?

    <p>They allow cross-bridges to form between actin and myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During muscle contraction, which of the following bands decreases in size?

    <p>H Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of muscle fibers provide rapid and powerful contractions?

    <p>Fast muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic functional unit of muscle tissue?

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sliding filament model, which component is responsible for creating cross-bridges?

    <p>Myosin heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly describes the characteristic of larger animals in terms of locomotion efficiency?

    <p>They can travel more efficiently than smaller animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ciliary muscle in the eye?

    <p>To control the shape of the lens for focusing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is responsible for detecting sound vibrations in the ear?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do opsins play in the evolution of the eye?

    <p>They are involved in light detection processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vision problem is caused by an eye that is too long, resulting in a focal point in front of the fovea?

    <p>Myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is NOT part of the inner ear?

    <p>Tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature of the retina can lead to a blind spot in vision?

    <p>Nerve fibers exiting the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of compound eyes found in certain arthropods?

    <p>Multiple ommatidia for detecting movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hearing, what determines the pitch of a sound?

    <p>Frequency of the sound wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features helps reduce the weight of birds for flight?

    <p>Hollow bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose did the early feathers serve before being adapted for flight?

    <p>For insulation and attraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that forms the main shaft of a feather called?

    <p>Rachis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of feather development involves the formation of interlocking hooklets?

    <p>Fifth stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations is NOT associated with the evolution of flight in birds?

    <p>Presence of teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of contour feathers on a bird?

    <p>Cover the body and protect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary evolutionary origin of modern birds?

    <p>Theropod dinosaurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Filoplume feathers primarily serve which of the following functions?

    <p>Sensory perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of molting for birds?

    <p>Provides new, bright feathers for breeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of migration involves birds remaining in the same location throughout the year?

    <p>Residents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of biochrome pigments in feathers?

    <p>Reflect specific wavelengths of light based on their chemical structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily involved in the downstroke during bird flight?

    <p>Pectoralis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In structural coloration, what phenomenon contributes to the vibrant colors seen in certain feathers?

    <p>Reflective interference due to microscopic structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the keel play in birds?

    <p>Acts as a flight muscle attachment point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of foot arrangement allows for the most stability when perching, as seen in woodpeckers?

    <p>Zygodactylie.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cost associated with the molting process in birds?

    <p>Energetically demanding process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main advantages of flocking for birds?

    <p>More efficient foraging for food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breeding system is characterized by shared parental care and a lack of additional mating opportunities?

    <p>Monogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of mate attraction does the 'lek' system emphasize?

    <p>Communal displays by males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental stage characterizes altricial birds?

    <p>Young are immobile and need extensive parental care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about songbirds is true?

    <p>Songs are crucial for territorial defense and male quality display.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy describes the parental care in species with polygynandry?

    <p>Several males and females collectively raising young</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows perching birds to maintain a secure grip while resting?

    <p>A specialized tendon mechanism in the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature that distinguishes mammals from reptiles?

    <p>Single lower jaw bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of eutherian gestation compared to that of marsupials?

    <p>Birth of well-developed young</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is primarily associated with the locomotion of ungulates?

    <p>Walking on hooves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic trait of cynodonts?

    <p>Secondary palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a significant evolutionary transition in the mammalian lineage?

    <p>Migration of middle ear bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mammary glands play in lactation?

    <p>Provide passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates plantigrade locomotion from digitigrade locomotion?

    <p>Walking with flat feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes synapsids from other amniotes?

    <p>Possession of differentiated teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to Old World monkeys compared to New World monkeys?

    <p>External ears close together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species is considered a key representative of the Homo genus?

    <p>Homo sapiens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is associated with the evolution of modern humans according to the Out of Africa theory?

    <p>All human races share a common ancestor from Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is a characteristic of the 'Ida' specimen?

    <p>Short limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term bipedalism refer to in human evolution?

    <p>Walking on two legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes Homo sapiens from other hominins like Homo neanderthalensis?

    <p>More complex tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) from the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

    <p>The PNS connects limbs and external sensory organs to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tropomyosin in muscle contraction?

    <p>Blocks myosin binding sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skeleton is found in arthropods?

    <p>Exoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by rapid, powerful contractions?

    <p>Fast muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force does swimming produce less resistance against compared to running?

    <p>Friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skeletal structure is typical in organisms of the Cnidaria phylum?

    <p>Hydrostatic skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When calcium ions are present in muscle fibers, what effect do they have?

    <p>Promote the formation of cross-bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as the basic functioning unit of muscle contraction?

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous Systems

    • Nervous systems vary Nervous systems vary by phyla, including nerve nets in Cnidarians and Ctenophores, nerve rings in Echinoderms, and bilateral nervous systems with cephalization in more complex organisms, such as Chordates which have a brain and dorsal nerve cord. phyla
    • Nervous systems vary by phyla, including nerve nets in Cnidarians and Ctenophores, nerve rings in Echinoderms, and bilateral systems with cephalization in Chordates, which have a brain and dorsal nerve cord. net: Cnidarians, Ctenophores
    • Nerve ring: Echinoderms
    • Bilateral nervous systems: Cephalization (ganglia or brain), nerve cord
    • Chordates have a brain and dorsal nerve cord

    Overview of Nervous System

    • Sensory input: Signals from sensory receptors
    • Integration: Processing of environmental information (CNS)
    • Motor output: Signals to effectors (PNS)

    Cells

    • Neurons: Cell body (with nucleus), dendrites (short, branched, toward cell body), axon (long, unbranched, away from cell body)
    • Glia: Supporting cells
      • Astrocytes form blood-brain barrier
      • Radial glia form tracks for neuron development
    • Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells form myelin sheaths

    Neural Signals

    • Membrane potential: Difference in charge across membrane
    • Resting state: Interior negative
    • Threshold potential: Minimum to trigger action potential
    • Depolarization: Interior becomes more positive
    • Action potential: Brief reversal of membrane potential
    • Propagation: Action potential travels down axon
    • Refractory Period: Axon cannot fire during this period

    Synaptic Communication

    • Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters
    • Neurotransmitters bind to receptors, opening ion channels
    • Postsynaptic potentials: EPSPs (excitatory), IPSPs (inhibitory)
    • Temporal summation: Multiple signals close together
    • Spatial summation: Multiple signals at different locations

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    Description

    Explore the diverse nervous systems across different phyla, including nerve nets, rings, and bilateral systems. Learn about the structure and function of neurons, supporting glia cells, and the mechanisms behind neural signals. Test your knowledge on sensory input, integration, and motor output in the nervous system.

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