Questions and Answers
What is a network of nerves known as?
plexus
A typical somatic sensory neuron is classified as a?
first-order neuron
An inability to swallow indicates a problem with which nerve(s)?
trigeminal nerve (IV) or glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Bundles of axons within a nerve are known as?
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Determine the polysynaptic reflex from the list of examples.
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In the crossed-extension reflex, if the right leg flexes, then the left leg?
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Loss of balance and equilibrium can indicate damage to which nerve?
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Mechanoreceptors might detect which sensation?
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What is the process called where olfactory receptors convert a stimulus into an electrical signal?
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Place the following steps in order for motor control.
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Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by?
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Regions of skin supplied by a spinal nerve for somatic sensation are known as?
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Sensory receptors that adapt to stimuli after a certain period of time are called?
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The cranial nerves that have neural connections with the tongue include all of the following EXCEPT:
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The inability to produce a gag reflex could indicate a problem with which nerve(s)?
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The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are divisions of the?
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The vagus nerve is represented by Roman numeral?
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Visceral pain may be perceived as cutaneous pain, also known as?
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What connects the upper motor neurons to lower motor neurons?
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What cranial nerves are involved in the sensory and the motor roles for the corneal blink reflex?
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What is NOT true of muscle spindles?
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What is the name of cranial nerve VIII?
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What is the outermost connective tissue covering of a nerve?
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What specific spinal nerve branch controls the movement of rectus abdominis?
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What type of motor neuron stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to contract by the excitation-contraction mechanism?
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Which cranial nerve is generally thought of as a mixed nerve?
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Which division detects stimuli of the general senses and special senses?
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Which muscle or muscle group is served by the femoral nerve?
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Which of the following does NOT belong to the brachial plexus?
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Which of the following houses motor neurons?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Structure and Function
- Plexus: A network of nerves contributing to peripheral nervous system function.
- First-order neuron: A typical somatic sensory neuron responsible for transmitting sensory information from peripheral receptors to the spinal cord.
Cranial Nerves and Associated Functions
- Trigeminal nerve (V) and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX): Their dysfunction can lead to an inability to swallow.
- Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII): Damage may result in loss of balance and equilibrium.
- Cranial connections to the tongue: Excludes the trochlear nerve (IV), while containing facial nerve (VII), trigeminal nerve (V), and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
- Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and vagus nerve (X): Their impairment can result in the inability to produce a gag reflex.
- Cranial nerve VIII: Known as the vestibulocochlear nerve.
Nerve Anatomy and Motor Control
- Fascicles: Bundles of axons within a nerve.
- Epineurium: The outermost connective tissue covering a nerve.
- Interneurons: Connect upper motor neurons to lower motor neurons.
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Motor neuron types:
- α-motor neurons: Stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract via the excitation-contraction mechanism.
- Lower motor neurons: Stimulated by upper motor neurons to induce muscle contraction in skeletal muscles.
Reflexes and Sensory Information
- Flexion (withdrawal) reflex: Identified as a polysynaptic reflex, allowing quick withdrawal from harmful stimuli.
- Crossed-extension reflex: Activation of one leg's flexor muscles leads to extension of the opposite leg (e.g., right leg flexes, left leg extends).
- Referred pain: Visceral pain may be experienced as cutaneous pain.
Sensory Receptors
- Mechanoreceptors: Detect sensations such as pressure.
- Nociceptors: Specialize in detecting potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain.
- Dermatomes: Regions of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve for somatic sensation.
- Rapidly adapting receptors: Sensory receptors that adapt to stimuli over time.
- Sensory transduction: The conversion process where olfactory receptors convert odorant signals into electrical signals.
Motor Control Sequence
- Ordered steps for motor control:
- Upper motor neurons in the premotor cortex select a motor program.
- The basal nuclei facilitate thalamus stimulation of upper motor neurons in the primary cortex.
- Upper motor neurons stimulate lower motor neurons.
- Lower motor neurons contract skeletal muscles.
- Sensory info is relayed back to the cerebellum for movement modification.
Functional Nerve Divisions
- Visceral motor division (ANS): Comprises the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- Somatic sensory division: Responsible for detecting stimuli from general and special senses.
Muscle Innervation
- Anterior ramus: The specific spinal nerve branch controlling the rectus abdominis muscle.
- Quadriceps femoris group: Serviced by the femoral nerve.
Additional Information
- Brachial plexus: The phrenic nerve is not part of this plexus, while others like median, musculocutaneous, and ulnar nerves are included.
- Muscle spindles: Receptors for the stretch reflex, not located in tendons but embedded in extrafusal muscle fibers and intrafusal fibers innervated by γ-motor neurons.
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Description
Test your understanding of the nervous system, focusing on nerve anatomy, cranial nerves, and their functions. This quiz includes essential information about first-order neurons and nerve plexuses, as well as the clinical significance of various cranial nerves. Perfect for students in neuroscience or anatomy courses.
