Questions and Answers
What is a network of nerves known as?
plexus
A typical somatic sensory neuron is classified as a?
first-order neuron
An inability to swallow indicates a problem with which nerve(s)?
trigeminal nerve (IV) or glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Bundles of axons within a nerve are known as?
Signup and view all the answers
Determine the polysynaptic reflex from the list of examples.
Signup and view all the answers
In the crossed-extension reflex, if the right leg flexes, then the left leg?
Signup and view all the answers
Loss of balance and equilibrium can indicate damage to which nerve?
Signup and view all the answers
Mechanoreceptors might detect which sensation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process called where olfactory receptors convert a stimulus into an electrical signal?
Signup and view all the answers
Place the following steps in order for motor control.
Signup and view all the answers
Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by?
Signup and view all the answers
Regions of skin supplied by a spinal nerve for somatic sensation are known as?
Signup and view all the answers
Sensory receptors that adapt to stimuli after a certain period of time are called?
Signup and view all the answers
The cranial nerves that have neural connections with the tongue include all of the following EXCEPT:
Signup and view all the answers
The inability to produce a gag reflex could indicate a problem with which nerve(s)?
Signup and view all the answers
The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are divisions of the?
Signup and view all the answers
The vagus nerve is represented by Roman numeral?
Signup and view all the answers
Visceral pain may be perceived as cutaneous pain, also known as?
Signup and view all the answers
What connects the upper motor neurons to lower motor neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
What cranial nerves are involved in the sensory and the motor roles for the corneal blink reflex?
Signup and view all the answers
What is NOT true of muscle spindles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of cranial nerve VIII?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the outermost connective tissue covering of a nerve?
Signup and view all the answers
What specific spinal nerve branch controls the movement of rectus abdominis?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of motor neuron stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to contract by the excitation-contraction mechanism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cranial nerve is generally thought of as a mixed nerve?
Signup and view all the answers
Which division detects stimuli of the general senses and special senses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which muscle or muscle group is served by the femoral nerve?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following does NOT belong to the brachial plexus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following houses motor neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Nervous System Structure and Function
- Plexus: A network of nerves contributing to peripheral nervous system function.
- First-order neuron: A typical somatic sensory neuron responsible for transmitting sensory information from peripheral receptors to the spinal cord.
Cranial Nerves and Associated Functions
- Trigeminal nerve (V) and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX): Their dysfunction can lead to an inability to swallow.
- Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII): Damage may result in loss of balance and equilibrium.
- Cranial connections to the tongue: Excludes the trochlear nerve (IV), while containing facial nerve (VII), trigeminal nerve (V), and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
- Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and vagus nerve (X): Their impairment can result in the inability to produce a gag reflex.
- Cranial nerve VIII: Known as the vestibulocochlear nerve.
Nerve Anatomy and Motor Control
- Fascicles: Bundles of axons within a nerve.
- Epineurium: The outermost connective tissue covering a nerve.
- Interneurons: Connect upper motor neurons to lower motor neurons.
-
Motor neuron types:
- α-motor neurons: Stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract via the excitation-contraction mechanism.
- Lower motor neurons: Stimulated by upper motor neurons to induce muscle contraction in skeletal muscles.
Reflexes and Sensory Information
- Flexion (withdrawal) reflex: Identified as a polysynaptic reflex, allowing quick withdrawal from harmful stimuli.
- Crossed-extension reflex: Activation of one leg's flexor muscles leads to extension of the opposite leg (e.g., right leg flexes, left leg extends).
- Referred pain: Visceral pain may be experienced as cutaneous pain.
Sensory Receptors
- Mechanoreceptors: Detect sensations such as pressure.
- Nociceptors: Specialize in detecting potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain.
- Dermatomes: Regions of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve for somatic sensation.
- Rapidly adapting receptors: Sensory receptors that adapt to stimuli over time.
- Sensory transduction: The conversion process where olfactory receptors convert odorant signals into electrical signals.
Motor Control Sequence
- Ordered steps for motor control:
- Upper motor neurons in the premotor cortex select a motor program.
- The basal nuclei facilitate thalamus stimulation of upper motor neurons in the primary cortex.
- Upper motor neurons stimulate lower motor neurons.
- Lower motor neurons contract skeletal muscles.
- Sensory info is relayed back to the cerebellum for movement modification.
Functional Nerve Divisions
- Visceral motor division (ANS): Comprises the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- Somatic sensory division: Responsible for detecting stimuli from general and special senses.
Muscle Innervation
- Anterior ramus: The specific spinal nerve branch controlling the rectus abdominis muscle.
- Quadriceps femoris group: Serviced by the femoral nerve.
Additional Information
- Brachial plexus: The phrenic nerve is not part of this plexus, while others like median, musculocutaneous, and ulnar nerves are included.
- Muscle spindles: Receptors for the stretch reflex, not located in tendons but embedded in extrafusal muscle fibers and intrafusal fibers innervated by γ-motor neurons.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your understanding of the nervous system, focusing on nerve anatomy, cranial nerves, and their functions. This quiz includes essential information about first-order neurons and nerve plexuses, as well as the clinical significance of various cranial nerves. Perfect for students in neuroscience or anatomy courses.