Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of myelin insulation?
What is the primary function of myelin insulation?
- To regulate the production of neurotransmitters.
- To provide structural support to neurons.
- To increase the speed of electrical signaling along axons. (correct)
- To prevent the leakage of neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts.
Which of the following accurately describes the difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?
Which of the following accurately describes the difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?
- Oligodendrocytes are responsible for synaptic transmission, while Schwann cells are not.
- Schwann cells are found in the CNS, while oligodendrocytes are found in the PNS.
- Schwann cells produce myelin, while oligodendrocytes produce a different type of insulating material.
- Oligodendrocytes can insulate multiple axon segments, while Schwann cells typically insulate only one segment. (correct)
What is the primary cause of demyelinating diseases, like Multiple Sclerosis?
What is the primary cause of demyelinating diseases, like Multiple Sclerosis?
- An autoimmune reaction where the body attacks myelin. (correct)
- A genetic defect that prevents the formation of myelin.
- An overproduction of myelin by glial cells.
- A buildup of neurotransmitters at the synapse.
What is the name of the demyelinating disease that primarily affects the peripheral nervous system?
What is the name of the demyelinating disease that primarily affects the peripheral nervous system?
What is the significance of the scarring that occurs in Multiple Sclerosis?
What is the significance of the scarring that occurs in Multiple Sclerosis?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with Multiple Sclerosis?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with Multiple Sclerosis?
What is the primary function of the nervous system in relation to the body?
What is the primary function of the nervous system in relation to the body?
Which of the following is NOT a key function of nervous tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a key function of nervous tissue?
What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is the name of the glial cell type in the CNS responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the name of the glial cell type in the CNS responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes?
Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes?
Which of the following glial cells is responsible for immune surveillance and phagocytosis in the CNS?
Which of the following glial cells is responsible for immune surveillance and phagocytosis in the CNS?
What is the main difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?
What is the main difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of neurons that distinguishes them from glial cells?
Which of the following is a characteristic of neurons that distinguishes them from glial cells?
Why is the term "neuroglia" considered an apt name for these cells?
Why is the term "neuroglia" considered an apt name for these cells?
Which type of glial cell is primarily responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Which type of glial cell is primarily responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What occurs to the membrane potential during repolarization?
What occurs to the membrane potential during repolarization?
What initiates the change in membrane potential at +30 mV?
What initiates the change in membrane potential at +30 mV?
How is the membrane potential described in analogy to a common object?
How is the membrane potential described in analogy to a common object?
What determines the equilibrium of potassium ions?
What determines the equilibrium of potassium ions?
What characterizes the phase of hyperpolarization?
What characterizes the phase of hyperpolarization?
What magnitude change does the action potential represent?
What magnitude change does the action potential represent?
What is primarily responsible for the delay in potassium channel closure during repolarization?
What is primarily responsible for the delay in potassium channel closure during repolarization?
Which of the following best describes the action potential sequence?
Which of the following best describes the action potential sequence?
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
Which glial cell type is considered a CNS-resident macrophage?
Which glial cell type is considered a CNS-resident macrophage?
What role do ependymal cells play in relation to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
What role do ependymal cells play in relation to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
What is suggested about the origin of microglia?
What is suggested about the origin of microglia?
How many axon segments can a single oligodendrocyte provide myelin for?
How many axon segments can a single oligodendrocyte provide myelin for?
What characteristic of the BBB affects the exchange of components in nervous tissue?
What characteristic of the BBB affects the exchange of components in nervous tissue?
Which of the following describes the structure and function of ependymal cells?
Which of the following describes the structure and function of ependymal cells?
What is the significance of the name 'oligodendrocyte'?
What is the significance of the name 'oligodendrocyte'?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding unipolar neurons?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding unipolar neurons?
What is a common characteristic shared by both bipolar and multipolar neurons?
What is a common characteristic shared by both bipolar and multipolar neurons?
Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding anaxonic neurons?
Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding anaxonic neurons?
Given the information presented, which of the following would be considered a likely role of a unipolar neuron?
Given the information presented, which of the following would be considered a likely role of a unipolar neuron?
Imagine you are observing a neuron under a microscope. You notice a single axon and multiple dendrites. Based on the text, which of the following classifications would this neuron most likely be considered?
Imagine you are observing a neuron under a microscope. You notice a single axon and multiple dendrites. Based on the text, which of the following classifications would this neuron most likely be considered?
Which of the following examples would be most likely to be classified as a multipolar neuron?
Which of the following examples would be most likely to be classified as a multipolar neuron?
Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is MOST accurate about the classification of neurons?
Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is MOST accurate about the classification of neurons?
What is the PRIMARY reason for the difficulty in identifying an axon in an anaxonic neuron under the microscope?
What is the PRIMARY reason for the difficulty in identifying an axon in an anaxonic neuron under the microscope?
What initiates the action potential in a neuron?
What initiates the action potential in a neuron?
During which phase does the membrane voltage reach approximately +30 mV?
During which phase does the membrane voltage reach approximately +30 mV?
What happens during the absolute refractory period?
What happens during the absolute refractory period?
What effect does the influx of sodium ions have during the propagation of an action potential?
What effect does the influx of sodium ions have during the propagation of an action potential?
What occurs after the membrane voltage reaches its peak during the action potential?
What occurs after the membrane voltage reaches its peak during the action potential?
How does myelination affect the propagation of an action potential?
How does myelination affect the propagation of an action potential?
What happens to the membrane voltage shortly after hyperpolarization?
What happens to the membrane voltage shortly after hyperpolarization?
What is the primary reason for the directionality of action potential propagation?
What is the primary reason for the directionality of action potential propagation?
Flashcards
Unipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons
Sensory neurons with one process; cell body in ganglia.
Bipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Neurons with two processes; axon and dendrite at opposite ends.
Multipolar neurons
Multipolar neurons
Neurons with one axon and multiple dendrites; most common type.
Anaxonic neurons
Anaxonic neurons
Signup and view all the flashcards
Purkinje cells
Purkinje cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ganglia
Ganglia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sensory reception
Sensory reception
Signup and view all the flashcards
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oligodendrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
Signup and view all the flashcards
Myelin
Myelin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Microglia
Microglia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ependymal Cells
Ependymal Cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Choroid Plexus
Choroid Plexus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tight Junctions
Tight Junctions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Membrane potential
Membrane potential
Signup and view all the flashcards
Repolarization
Repolarization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hyperpolarization
Hyperpolarization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Action potential
Action potential
Signup and view all the flashcards
Potassium channels
Potassium channels
Signup and view all the flashcards
Depolarization
Depolarization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Equilibrium potential
Equilibrium potential
Signup and view all the flashcards
Voltage-gated channels
Voltage-gated channels
Signup and view all the flashcards
Schwann cells
Schwann cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Demyelination
Demyelination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Signup and view all the flashcards
Autoimmune disorder
Autoimmune disorder
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sclerosis
Sclerosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nervous system functions
Nervous system functions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Glial Cells
Glial Cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Astrocytes
Astrocytes
Signup and view all the flashcards
PNS vs CNS Glia
PNS vs CNS Glia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Satellite Cells
Satellite Cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Resting Membrane Voltage
Resting Membrane Voltage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Action Potential Propagation
Action Potential Propagation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Initial Segment
Initial Segment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Absolute Refractory Period
Absolute Refractory Period
Signup and view all the flashcards
Myelination Effect
Myelination Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
- The neural circuitry of the nervous system is becoming more fully understood, allowing for the integration of technology with the body to restore abilities following trauma.
- The nervous system has three primary functions: sensation, integration, and response.
- The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord.
- The PNS comprises everything else, including nerves, ganglia, and the enteric nervous system.
- Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells.
Basic Structure and Functions
- The nervous system is divided into anatomical and functional divisions, with both central and peripheral components.
- Gray matter contains cell bodies and dendrites, while white matter contains axons.
- Neurons have a cell body (soma), axons, and dendrites, responsible for carrying electrical signals.
Nervous Tissue
- Neurons are electrically active cells that release chemical signals to target cells.
- Glial cells (glia) provide support for neurons, crucial to their functioning.
- There are several types of neurons, classified by their number of processes: unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar.
- Unipolar neurons, or pseudo-unipolar neurons in humans, are specialized sensory neurons with a single process emerging from the cell body.
- Bipolar neurons have two processes, one on each end of the cell body. Typically found in sensory systems (olfactory and retinal).
- Multipolar neurons have numerous dendrites, which receive information from other cells. Most abundant type.
Glial Cells
- CNS glial cells include astrocytes (support, BBB), oligodendrocytes (myelination), microglia (immune function), and ependymal cells (CSF production).
- PNS glial cells include satellite cells (support for neuron cell bodies in ganglia) and Schwann cells (myelination of nerves).
The Function of Nervous Tissue
- The nervous system functions by receiving stimuli (sensation), processing the information (integration), and generating a response (response).
- Sensory receptors detect stimuli.
- The signal travels along the sensory neuron to the CNS.
- The CNS integrates the information and generates a motor command.
- The motor command travels along the motor neuron to a target (e.g., muscle).
- The target carries out the response.
The Action Potential
- Action potentials are electrical signals that travel along axons.
- The resting membrane potential is the voltage difference across the membrane when the cell is at rest (-70mV).
- Depolarization is the process of membrane potential becoming more positive.
- Repolarization is the process of membrane potential returning to its resting value.
- The action potential is "all-or-none": it either happens fully or doesn't happen.
Communication Between Neurons
- Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential, varying in size.
- They can be depolarizing (more positive) or hyperpolarizing (more negative).
- Graded potentials summate (add together) to potentially trigger an action potential.
- Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters for communication.
- Electrical synapses allow ion flow directly between neurons.
- Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal into the synaptic cleft.
- They bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing a change in membrane voltage.
Important Terms
- All the terms including but not limited to: Neurotransmitter, axons, sensory pathways, motor pathways, neurons, electrical synapses, graded potentials, action potential, central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS) - you should understand the key concepts of all the listed terms from this document.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
