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Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
The Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for voluntary control of the body.
The Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for voluntary control of the body.
False
What is the main function of the Afferent Division of the nervous system?
What is the main function of the Afferent Division of the nervous system?
To bring information to the CNS from receptors in the body.
The _____ nervous system contains cranial and spinal nerves and responds to impulses.
The _____ nervous system contains cranial and spinal nerves and responds to impulses.
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What is the primary function of Schwann cells?
What is the primary function of Schwann cells?
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Match the following types of neurons to their functions:
Match the following types of neurons to their functions:
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Bipolar neurons are the most common type of neuron in the central nervous system (CNS).
Bipolar neurons are the most common type of neuron in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving information from other neurons?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving information from other neurons?
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are present in the human brain?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are present in the human brain?
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The __________ are branches off the main axon that allow a neuron to communicate with different types of cells.
The __________ are branches off the main axon that allow a neuron to communicate with different types of cells.
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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with rest and digest functions.
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with rest and digest functions.
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Match the following types of neurons with their characteristics:
Match the following types of neurons with their characteristics:
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What is the primary role of effectors in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of effectors in the nervous system?
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What structure initiates the action potential in a neuron?
What structure initiates the action potential in a neuron?
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Oligodendrocytes are responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Oligodendrocytes are responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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What is a synapse?
What is a synapse?
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What is the primary function of myelin in white matter?
What is the primary function of myelin in white matter?
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Gray matter is myelinated and found in clusters of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
Gray matter is myelinated and found in clusters of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
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What are the two main types of synapses?
What are the two main types of synapses?
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_____ cells are responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid.
_____ cells are responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid.
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Match the following types of channels with their characteristics:
Match the following types of channels with their characteristics:
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What happens to the cell when sodium (Na+) enters it?
What happens to the cell when sodium (Na+) enters it?
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Microglia are the most abundant type of glial cell in the nervous system.
Microglia are the most abundant type of glial cell in the nervous system.
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Schwann cells insulate axons with _____ in the peripheral nervous system.
Schwann cells insulate axons with _____ in the peripheral nervous system.
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What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?
What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?
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Depolarization results in the cell's membrane potential becoming more negative.
Depolarization results in the cell's membrane potential becoming more negative.
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What happens during hyperpolarization?
What happens during hyperpolarization?
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The ___________ pump actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.
The ___________ pump actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.
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Which of the following ions has a higher concentration outside the cell?
Which of the following ions has a higher concentration outside the cell?
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Match the following processes with their definitions:
Match the following processes with their definitions:
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Neurons can generate action potentials in response to any stimulus, no matter how weak.
Neurons can generate action potentials in response to any stimulus, no matter how weak.
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What is an action potential?
What is an action potential?
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What is the minimum membrane potential needed to reach threshold for an action potential?
What is the minimum membrane potential needed to reach threshold for an action potential?
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Continuous conduction is faster than saltatory conduction.
Continuous conduction is faster than saltatory conduction.
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with feelings of pleasure and euphoria?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with feelings of pleasure and euphoria?
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What is referred to as the refractory period?
What is referred to as the refractory period?
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Norepinephrine is also known as epinephrine.
Norepinephrine is also known as epinephrine.
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What is the primary role of serotonin in the body?
What is the primary role of serotonin in the body?
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The equilibrium potential for K^+ is _______________ mV.
The equilibrium potential for K^+ is _______________ mV.
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Match the neurotransmitter to its function:
Match the neurotransmitter to its function:
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_______ is released during exercise and is known for producing euphoria and reducing pain.
_______ is released during exercise and is known for producing euphoria and reducing pain.
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Match each neurotransmitter with its primary function:
Match each neurotransmitter with its primary function:
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Which channels are primarily responsible for depolarization during an action potential?
Which channels are primarily responsible for depolarization during an action potential?
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Neurons can communicate with other cells through neurotransmitters.
Neurons can communicate with other cells through neurotransmitters.
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The process where action potentials jump from one node to another along a myelinated axon is known as __________ conduction.
The process where action potentials jump from one node to another along a myelinated axon is known as __________ conduction.
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- The nervous system is the master control system of the body, coordinating all bodily functions.
- Its major functions include monitoring internal and external environments, integrating sensory information, and coordinating voluntary and involuntary responses.
- The nervous system has two major divisions: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Two Main Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- It coordinates sensory processing and motor nerve transmission.
- It's located within the dorsal body cavity.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The PNS comprises the nerves outside the CNS.
- It connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
- It has cranial and spinal nerves: These nerves form a communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body.
Afferent Division (Sensory)
- Carries sensory information to the CNS from the receptors.
- Receptors are sensory structures that detect and respond to specific stimuli.
- Many different receptor types are found in the PNS.
- Sensory receptors monitor the internal and external stimuli
Efferent Division (Motor)
- Carries information away from the CNS to effectors.
- Effectors are muscles and glands that respond to neural commands to carry out motor responses.
- The motor division is also known as the efferent division.
Neuron Structure
- Neurons communicate via electrochemical impulses called action potentials.
- Neuron Structure includes soma (cell body), dendrites, axons, and axon terminals.
- The axon hillock is the area where the action potential begins, and axons carry signals to target cells.
- Dendrites receive information from other neurons at specialized areas called synapses.
Types of Neurons
- Unipolar neurons have a single process with dendrites at one end and axon terminals at the other—exclusively sensory.
- Bipolar neurons have two processes (one axon, one dendrite)—less common, found mainly in the olfactory epithelium and retina.
- Multipolar neurons have multiple dendrites and a single axon—the most common type, especially in the CNS.
Neuron Organization in PNS
- Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs, branch off the spinal cord; carry sensory and motor information.
- Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs, located in the brain; carry sensory, motor, or both types of information to the head, face, and neck.
Glial Cells
- Support and protect neurons.
- Astrocytes regulate ion concentration.
- Microglia protect against infection by ingesting harmful substances.
- Ependymal cells make cerebrospinal fluid.
- Satellite and Schwann cells insulate axons with myelin
Breakdown of Nervous System
- The CNS processes (integrates, processes and coordinates) information.
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movement.
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions, like heart rate and digestion.
- There are sympathetic nervous system, which responds to stress using fight or flight responses, and parasympathetic nervous system, which helps the body rest and restore (rest and digest responses).
- The nervous system continuously receives info from sensory receptors and conveys info to effectors.
Nerve Impulse Transmission
Types of Synapses
- Electrical synapses involve direct connections between cells, allowing for rapid ion flow.
- Chemical synapses involve neurotransmitter release, which can either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.
Action Potentials
- An action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential of a neuron or some muscle cells.
- The key channels involved in this process are voltage-gated sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels. This causes a wave of depolarization, or change in charge, across the neuron’s membrane.
- The membrane potential changes from a negative resting value to more positive, during depolarization .
- The membrane rapidly returns to its resting potential during repolarization.
- Propagation is how action potentials travel along axons.
- Continuous conduction occurs in unmyelinated axons, whereas saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons with Nodes of Ranvier.
Signal Transmission at a Chemical Synapse
Neurotransmitters
- Various neurotransmitters influence different body functions.
- Examples include acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), serotonin, glutamate, GABA, endorphins, and nitric oxide.
Graded Potentials
- Graded potentials are temporary changes in membrane voltage.
- Depolarization and repolarization result in action potentials in neurons.
Refractory Period
- During the refractory period, a neuron cannot generate a new action potential immediately after firing one. This ensures unidirectional impulse transmission and prevents overlapping activity.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the nervous system with this engaging quiz. Explore topics including divisions of the nervous system, neuron functions, and cranial nerves. Perfect for students learning about neurobiology or human anatomy.
