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Questions and Answers
What term describes the protective structures surrounding the brain and spinal cord?
What term describes the protective structures surrounding the brain and spinal cord?
Which region of the brain is primarily responsible for voluntary movements and sensory perception?
Which region of the brain is primarily responsible for voluntary movements and sensory perception?
Which lobe of the brain is mainly associated with processing visual information?
Which lobe of the brain is mainly associated with processing visual information?
What fluid is found in the cerebral ventricles and is formed by the choroid plexus?
What fluid is found in the cerebral ventricles and is formed by the choroid plexus?
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Which part of the brainstem is responsible for regulating heartbeat and breathing?
Which part of the brainstem is responsible for regulating heartbeat and breathing?
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What is the main function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
What is the main function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
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Which component does NOT belong to the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which component does NOT belong to the central nervous system (CNS)?
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What is the function of the gyrus in the brain's cortex?
What is the function of the gyrus in the brain's cortex?
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What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
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Which lobe of the brain is associated with language processing and interpretation?
Which lobe of the brain is associated with language processing and interpretation?
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Which part of the diencephalon acts as a relay center for sensory impulses?
Which part of the diencephalon acts as a relay center for sensory impulses?
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What are the three layers of the meninges, starting from the outermost?
What are the three layers of the meninges, starting from the outermost?
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What are the main functions of the hypothalamus?
What are the main functions of the hypothalamus?
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Which structure of the brainstem is primarily responsible for regulating visceral control?
Which structure of the brainstem is primarily responsible for regulating visceral control?
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What type of tissue surrounds the gray matter in the spinal cord?
What type of tissue surrounds the gray matter in the spinal cord?
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Which function is NOT associated with the medulla oblongata?
Which function is NOT associated with the medulla oblongata?
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What is the primary neurotransmitter released by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscles?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscles?
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What is the approximate length of the spinal cord?
What is the approximate length of the spinal cord?
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The gray matter in the spinal cord consists of which types of cells?
The gray matter in the spinal cord consists of which types of cells?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?
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What type of fibers directly innervate skeletal muscles?
What type of fibers directly innervate skeletal muscles?
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What is the role of preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the role of preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?
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The enteric nervous system primarily innervates which part of the body?
The enteric nervous system primarily innervates which part of the body?
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What is one role of the spinal cord?
What is one role of the spinal cord?
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Which function is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which function is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Where do sympathetic fibers originate in the spinal cord?
Where do sympathetic fibers originate in the spinal cord?
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Which section of the spinal cord projects toward the back of the body?
Which section of the spinal cord projects toward the back of the body?
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What typically happens when sensory information travels up the spinal cord?
What typically happens when sensory information travels up the spinal cord?
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Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with motor neurons?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with motor neurons?
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Which pairs of spinal nerves are associated with the lower abdomen and hips?
Which pairs of spinal nerves are associated with the lower abdomen and hips?
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What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for controlling?
What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for controlling?
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How many pairs of cranial nerves exist in the peripheral nervous system?
How many pairs of cranial nerves exist in the peripheral nervous system?
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Which part of the nervous system includes the autonomic ganglia?
Which part of the nervous system includes the autonomic ganglia?
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What is the main distinction between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
What is the main distinction between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
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What is true about the composition of spinal nerves?
What is true about the composition of spinal nerves?
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Which cranial nerve is primarily efferent, associated with tongue muscle movement?
Which cranial nerve is primarily efferent, associated with tongue muscle movement?
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Which statement describes the role of the peripheral nervous system?
Which statement describes the role of the peripheral nervous system?
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Which cranial nerves mediate sensation and muscular activity in the head and neck area?
Which cranial nerves mediate sensation and muscular activity in the head and neck area?
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are designated as cervical nerves?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are designated as cervical nerves?
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What is primarily innervated by the 5 pairs of sacral nerves?
What is primarily innervated by the 5 pairs of sacral nerves?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Physiology
- The nervous system is composed of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord
- The brain has four main regions: cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum
- The cerebrum and diencephalon together form the forebrain
- The brainstem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
- The brain also contains four interconnected ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- CSF is produced by specialized capillaries called the choroid plexus
- The choroid plexus protects and cushions the CNS
- The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective mechanism of the brain, made up of a structural arrangement of capillaries
- The BBB selectively controls substances that can move from the blood into the brain
- Important substances like oxygen and glucose can pass through the BBB while harmful substances are stopped
- The cerebrum is the largest part of the forebrain; it controls sensory and motor responses. It encompasses sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movement
- The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres and has a surface called the cortex with folds (gyrus) and grooves (sulcus)
- The cortex is further divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
- The frontal lobe is related to motor activity, personality, and speech
- The parietal lobe is related to language, temperature, pressure, and touch
- The temporal lobe is for hearing, smell, and language
- The occipital lobe is related to vision
- The cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain; it coordinates voluntary and involuntary movement, and adjusts muscles to maintain posture.
- The diencephalon includes the thalamus and hypothalamus
- The thalamus is a relay center for sensory impulses (except olfactory and motor areas of the cortex)
- The hypothalamus regulates behavior, emotions, body temperature, metabolism, and controls hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland
- The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
- The midbrain controls visual reflexes and hearing
- The pons plays a role in regulating visceral control
- The medulla oblongata connects to the spinal cord; it controls breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, heartbeat, and blood pressure
- The spinal cord lies within the vertebral column; it is a slender cylinder of soft tissue 44 cm long
- The spinal cord is shorter than the spinal column; its segments don't perfectly correspond to the vertebrae
- The spinal cord has a butterfly-shaped central gray matter; this is made up of interneurons, cell bodies, dendrites of efferent neurons, axons of afferent neurons and glial cells
- The spinal cord transmits impulses to and from the brain
- In most instances, sensory information travelling up one side of the spinal cord crosses over to the opposite side of the brain
- The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is composed of nerves and receptors
- The PNS is divided into cranial nerves and spinal nerves
- The 12 pairs of cranial nerves connect to the brain and control sense and movement in the head and neck
- The 31 pairs of spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord and control the torso, limbs, and other parts of the body
- Spinal nerves are associated with their vertebral levels (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal)
- The spinal nerves contain both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers
- The efferent division of the PNS is further divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems
- The somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscles
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions such as sweating, gland secretions, blood pressure, and heart rate
- The autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- The sympathetic division is for "fight or flight" responses
- The parasympathetic division is for "rest or digest" responses
- The autonomic nervous system uses two neurons in series to connect to the CNS and the effector cells
- The first neuron has its cell body in the CNS and is called the preganglionic neuron
- The synapse between the two neurons is outside the CNS in a cell cluster called an autonomic ganglion
- The second neuron is called the postganglionic neuron
- The parasympathetic division releases acetylcholine
- The sympathetic division usually releases norepinephrine, except for a few pathways that use acetylcholine
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Description
Explore the intricate structure and functions of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn about the Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, and the various regions of the brain. Test your knowledge on how the brain protects itself and regulates substances through mechanisms like the blood-brain barrier.
