Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which structure is responsible for the coordination of body balance and posture?

  • Basal nuclei
  • Cerebellum (correct)
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem

What is NOT a function of the brainstem?

  • Processing information between spinal cord and cerebrum
  • Providing a pathway for tracts
  • Housing cranial nerve nuclei
  • Controlling voluntary movement (correct)

The area of the brain associated with interpreting words and connected with visual and auditory cortex is known as what?

  • Broca's area
  • Sensory homunculus
  • Wernicke's area (correct)
  • Primary motor cortex

Which type of cerebral white matter tracts connect areas within the same hemisphere?

<p>Association fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of basal nuclei?

<p>Modifying motor activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the main connection between both cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Corpus callosum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the diencephalon regulates sleep-wake cycles and links the cerebrum with the brainstem?

<p>Hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensory interpretation occurs in the primary somatosensory cortex?

<p>Interpretation of somatosensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which grooves are classified as shallow depressions on the cerebral surface?

<p>Sulci (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is considered the largest part of the brain, controlling higher mental functions?

<p>Cerebrum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve function is primarily processed in the midbrain?

<p>Vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cerebellar cortex primarily consist of?

<p>Grey matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT contribute to cerebrospinal fluid protection?

<p>Veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the cerebral cortex is mainly related to the control of voluntary, skilled movements?

<p>Primary motor cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which vertebral level does the spinal cord end as the conus medullaris?

<p>L2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral roots?

<p>Spinal nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the function of an autonomic nervous system?

<p>It regulates involuntary muscle activities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly lists the number of spinal nerves by type?

<p>8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tract is primarily responsible for carrying sensory information to the brain?

<p>Ascending tracts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary layer that surrounds each individual nerve fiber?

<p>Endoneurium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a nerve plexus formed?

<p>By the blending of ventral rami from spinal nerves. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons connect the CNS to the effector organs in the Autonomic Nervous System?

<p>Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a lesion of a specific spinal nerve?

<p>Stereotyped loss of sensory input and motor output. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?

<p>Epinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the filum terminale interna represent?

<p>An extension of the pia mater. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is correct regarding dermatomes?

<p>They define areas of skin innervated by specific spinal levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division located?

<p>Brainstem and sacral region S2 to S4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve mnemonic is referenced for remembering the cranial nerves?

<p>Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, A Ha (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the sympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System primarily have on the body?

<p>Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?

<p>They reenter the spinal nerve and exit via the ventral ramus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do descending tracts in the CNS primarily do?

<p>Transmit motor commands from the brain to the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the craniosacral division in the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Parasympathetic division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a characteristic of the structure of a nerve?

<p>Contains only sensory fibers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal cord segments contain the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division?

<p>T1 to L2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the autonomic nervous system, how do the activities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions relate to each other?

<p>They are oppositely coordinated to maintain balance in organ function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division?

<p>To facilitate relaxation and energy conservation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the sympathetic division based on its origin in the spinal cord?

<p>Thoracolumbar division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Function

The outermost layer of the cerebrum, responsible for higher-level brain functions like thinking, feeling, and remembering.

Gyri

Elevated folds on the surface of the brain.

Sulci

Shallow grooves between gyri on the brain's surface.

Basal Nuclei Function

Structures deep within the brain that help control voluntary movements.

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Brainstem

Connects the brain and spinal cord, controlling basic life functions.

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Cerebellum Function

Coordinates movement and balance.

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Spinal Cord Structure

A long, tubular structure that carries nerve signals between the brain and the body.

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Spinal Nerves

Nerves that branch off the spinal cord and extend to various parts of the body.

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Sensory Homunculus

A map of the sensory areas in the brain that are dedicated to different parts of the body.

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Motor Homunculus

A map of the motor areas in the brain that control different parts of the body.

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Wernicke's Area

Language area in the brain responsible for understanding language.

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Broca's Area

Language area in the brain responsible for speech production.

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Cerebral White Matter

Fiber tracts in the cerebrum that connect different brain areas.

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Diencephalon

Part of the forebrain containing the thalamus and hypothalamus.

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Cerebral Hemispheres

Two halves of the cerebrum.

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Spinal Cord Length

The spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column.

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Conus Medullaris

The tapered end of the spinal cord.

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Cauda Equina

The bundle of nerve roots extending below the spinal cord.

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Filum Terminale Interna

The pial extension from the conus medullaris.

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Ascending Tracts

Carry sensory information up the spinal cord.

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Descending Tracts

Carry motor commands down the spinal cord.

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Nerve

A bundle of neuron fibers surrounded by connective tissue.

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Peripheral Nerve

Nerve outside the CNS. Includes cranial nerves & spinal nerves.

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Cranial Nerves

Nerves emerging directly from the brain.

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Dorsal Ramus

Branch of a spinal nerve that supplies the back.

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Ventral Ramus

Branch of a spinal nerve that supplies the front and sides of the body.

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Dermatome

Area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve.

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Myotome

Group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve.

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Nerve Plexus

Network of ventral rami creating compound nerves.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates involuntary functions (e.g., heart, glands).

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What are the two types of neurons in the ANS?

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has two types of neurons that relay signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and target organs:

  1. Preganglionic neurons: These neurons originate in the CNS and synapse with postganglionic neurons in ganglia outside the CNS.
  2. Postganglionic neurons: These neurons originate in ganglia and synapse with target organs.
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Location of Preganglionic Neurons

Preganglionic neurons, the first set of neurons in the ANS, have their cell bodies located within the brain and spinal cord.

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Location of Postganglionic Neurons

Postganglionic neurons, the second set of neurons in the ANS, have their cell bodies located in ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS.

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Sympathetic Division

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses, triggering an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing, while decreasing digestion and other non-essential functions.

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Parasympathetic Division

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system promotes 'rest and digest' functions, slowing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and promoting digestion and other energy-conserving activities.

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Sympathetic Neurotransmitter

The main neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division is norepinephrine (noradrenaline), although epinephrine (adrenaline) is also released in some cases.

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Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter

The main neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division is acetylcholine.

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Sympathetic Pathway

The sympathetic pathway involves preganglionic neurons originating in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord, traveling through the sympathetic trunk ganglia and exiting to target organs.

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Parasympathetic Pathway

The parasympathetic pathway involves preganglionic neurons originating in the brain (cranial nerves) and sacral spinal cord, traveling directly to target organs or through ganglia near the organs.

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How are Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems Balanced?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis, with one system counteracting the effects of the other. This balance ensures proper functioning of bodily systems and prevents extreme reactions.

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Study Notes

Nervous System Overview

  • The nervous system is responsible for controlling and coordinating bodily functions.
  • It's divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord.
  • It processes information, stores memories, and coordinates bodily activities.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
  • It transmits information from the body to the CNS, and from the CNS to the body.
  • This system has two divisions: somatic and autonomic.

Somatic Nervous System

  • Controls voluntary muscle movements.
  • It allows conscious control over body actions.

Autonomic Nervous System

  • Controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion.
  • It is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Sympathetic Division

  • Prepares the body for "fight-or-flight" responses in stressful situations or emergencies.
  • Its activities include accelerating heart rate, increasing blood pressure, and diverting blood away from the digestive organs to the muscles.

Parasympathetic Division

  • Promotes "rest-and-digest" functions, promoting relaxation and normal body functions.
  • Its activities include slowing heart rate, and increasing digestion.

Cranial Nerves

  • 12 pairs of nerves that arise directly from the brain.
  • They transmit sensory and motor information between the brain and parts of the head, neck, and trunk.
  • Each nerve has a specific function and location.

Spinal Nerves

  • 31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord.
  • They transmit sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.
  • Spinal nerves are grouped according to the region of the vertebral column where they emerge.

Brain Structure

  • Cerebrum: Largest part; higher mental functions, divided into lobes.
  • Cerebellum: Second largest; coordinates muscle movements and balance.
  • Brainstem: Connects brain and spinal cord, controls basic life functions

Brain Lobes

  • Frontal: Reasoning, thought, planning, movement, etc.
  • Parietal: Processing sensory information.
  • Temporal: Processing auditory information, memory.
  • Occipital: Processing visual information.

Spinal Cord

  • The spinal cord is a long, tubular structure that extends from the brain stem.
  • It plays a critical role in transmitting signals between the brain and the body.

Spinal Cord Functions

  • Pathway for nerve signals
  • Reflex center

Nerve Plexuses

  • Networks of nerves formed by the merging of spinal nerves in the body.
  • These networks ensure coordinated function of the nerves.

Nerves of the Upper and Lower Limbs

  • Radial, ulnar, and median nerves are examples of major nerves supplying the upper extremities.
  • Femoral, obturator, and sciatic nerves are examples of nerves that supply the lower extremities.

Dermatomes and Myotomes

  • Dermatome: Area of skin supplied by a particular spinal nerve.
  • Myotome: Group of muscles supplied by a particular spinal nerve.

Protections of the Brain

  • Skull: Bone structure that protects the brain.
  • Meninges: Tissues that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord (Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater).
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Fluid filling the spaces around the brain and spinal cord providing cushioning.

Blood Supply to the Brain

  • Internal carotid and Vertebrobasilar systems are important arteries for brain circulation supplying blood to the brain stem, cerebellum, spinal cord, and cerebral regions.

Neurotransmitters:

  • Chemical messengers released by neurons that carry signals across synapses.

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Nervous System I and II (1) PDF

Description

Explore the essential components of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn about the central and peripheral nervous systems, including their divisions and functions. Test your understanding of voluntary and involuntary actions controlled by the nervous system.

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