Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
Which type of cell divides and is commonly associated with brain tumors?
Which type of cell divides and is commonly associated with brain tumors?
What role do dendrites play in the functioning of neurons?
What role do dendrites play in the functioning of neurons?
What is the main purpose of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the main purpose of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?
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Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting impulses to other cells?
Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting impulses to other cells?
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What is one of the primary functions of the nervous system?
What is one of the primary functions of the nervous system?
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Which part of the nervous system is mainly responsible for processing and interpreting sensory input?
Which part of the nervous system is mainly responsible for processing and interpreting sensory input?
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What type of nerve fibers are involved in carrying impulses away from the central nervous system?
What type of nerve fibers are involved in carrying impulses away from the central nervous system?
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Which of the following supports and protects neurons in the central nervous system?
Which of the following supports and protects neurons in the central nervous system?
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Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary actions?
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary actions?
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What type of cells in the central nervous system are involved in immune defense and debris disposal?
What type of cells in the central nervous system are involved in immune defense and debris disposal?
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What is one of the roles of ependymal cells in the central nervous system?
What is one of the roles of ependymal cells in the central nervous system?
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Which structure connects and relays nerve impulses to the brain?
Which structure connects and relays nerve impulses to the brain?
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What is the primary function of axonal terminals in neurons?
What is the primary function of axonal terminals in neurons?
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What characterizes neurons in relation to cell division?
What characterizes neurons in relation to cell division?
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What occurs when an action potential depolarizes the membrane at the synaptic terminal?
What occurs when an action potential depolarizes the membrane at the synaptic terminal?
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Why do neurons require a high supply of glucose and oxygen?
Why do neurons require a high supply of glucose and oxygen?
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What fills the synaptic cleft?
What fills the synaptic cleft?
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What type of ion channels open in the postsynaptic membrane in response to neurotransmitter binding?
What type of ion channels open in the postsynaptic membrane in response to neurotransmitter binding?
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What is the primary role of synaptic vesicles in axonal terminals?
What is the primary role of synaptic vesicles in axonal terminals?
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Which ion enters the presynaptic cell to trigger the release of neurotransmitters?
Which ion enters the presynaptic cell to trigger the release of neurotransmitters?
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What is a synapse?
What is a synapse?
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What role do neurotransmitters play in the nervous system?
What role do neurotransmitters play in the nervous system?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Function
- The nervous system monitors internal and external body changes
- It processes and interprets sensory information to determine if a response is needed
- The nervous system activates muscles, glands, and other body parts in response to stimuli
Nervous System Organization
- The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of nerves outside of the CNS
- The PNS relays information to and from the CNS
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The brain is the main control center
- The spinal cord connects and relays nerve impulses to the brain
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The sensory (afferent) division carries information to the CNS
- The motor (efferent) division carries impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions
Nervous Tissue: Support Cells (Neuroglia) in the CNS
- Astrocytes are abundant, star-shaped cells that brace neurons
- Astrocytes form a barrier between capillaries and neurons
- Astrocytes control the chemical environment of the brain
- Microglia act as spider-like phagocytes to defend the CNS
- Microglia dispose of cellular debris
- Ependymal cells line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
- Ependymal cells create, secrete, and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
- Oligodendrocytes produce the myelin sheath, which insulates neurons
Nervous Tissue: Support Cells (Neuroglia) in the PNS
- Satellite cells protect and support neuron cell bodies
- Schwann cells form the myelin sheath in the PNS
Nervous Tissue: Neurons
- Neurons are highly specialized cells that transmit information
- Neurons are amitotic (they do not divide)
- Neurons have a high metabolic rate and require a constant supply of glucose and oxygen
- Neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon
Neuron Structure
- The cell body is the metabolic center of the neuron
- Dendrites receive information and conduct impulses towards the cell body
- The axon transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body
Axons and Nerve Impulses
- Axons end in axonal terminals
- Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters
- Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a synaptic cleft
- The junction between nerves is called a synapse
Neurotransmitter Release
- The arrival of an action potential depolarizes the membrane of the synaptic terminal
- This depolarization opens voltage-gated calcium channels
- Calcium influx triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles
- Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, initiating a new signal in the next neuron
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Description
Explore the structure and function of the nervous system. This quiz covers the roles of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the brain, spinal cord, and the types of nerves involved in sensory and motor functions. Test your understanding of how the nervous system responds to stimuli and regulates body functions.
