Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
- Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
- Sensory nervous system and motor nervous system
- Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
- Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system (correct)
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and the spinal cord.
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and the spinal cord.
True (A)
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of all nervous tissue outside the CNS.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of all nervous tissue outside the CNS.
True (A)
What is the primary function of the sensory division of the nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sensory division of the nervous system?
Choose the correct statement about the somatic nervous system.
Choose the correct statement about the somatic nervous system.
Which of the following is a function of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following is a function of the autonomic nervous system?
Where is the enteric nervous system located?
Where is the enteric nervous system located?
What are the two types of cells found in the nervous system?
What are the two types of cells found in the nervous system?
Neurons are supportive cells of the CNS and PNS.
Neurons are supportive cells of the CNS and PNS.
Glial cells conduct action potentials.
Glial cells conduct action potentials.
What are the main components of a neuron?
What are the main components of a neuron?
The ______ is a cytoplasmic extension that receives information from other neurons.
The ______ is a cytoplasmic extension that receives information from other neurons.
The ______ is a single long extension that transmits signals to other neurons or effector organs.
The ______ is a single long extension that transmits signals to other neurons or effector organs.
What type of neuron has many dendrites and a single axon?
What type of neuron has many dendrites and a single axon?
Which type of neuron has two processes: one dendrite and one axon?
Which type of neuron has two processes: one dendrite and one axon?
What type of neuron has a single process that splits into two branches?
What type of neuron has a single process that splits into two branches?
What are the four main types of glial cells in the CNS?
What are the four main types of glial cells in the CNS?
What is the primary function of Schwann cells?
What is the primary function of Schwann cells?
Which type of glial cell forms the blood-brain barrier?
Which type of glial cell forms the blood-brain barrier?
What is the primary function of myelin sheaths?
What is the primary function of myelin sheaths?
Myelinated axons conduct nerve impulses faster than unmyelinated axons.
Myelinated axons conduct nerve impulses faster than unmyelinated axons.
What is the process of nerve impulse transmission along myelinated axons called?
What is the process of nerve impulse transmission along myelinated axons called?
What type of membrane channels are always open?
What type of membrane channels are always open?
Which type of membrane channels are closed until opened by specific signals?
Which type of membrane channels are closed until opened by specific signals?
Which of these is NOT a type of gated channel?
Which of these is NOT a type of gated channel?
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
The resting membrane potential is a result of a higher concentration of sodium ions (Na+) inside the cell and a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) outside the cell.
The resting membrane potential is a result of a higher concentration of sodium ions (Na+) inside the cell and a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) outside the cell.
The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the movement of Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell.
The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the movement of Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell.
Action potentials are generated by the movement of ions across the cell membrane.
Action potentials are generated by the movement of ions across the cell membrane.
What is the term for the process by which the inside of the cell membrane becomes more positive?
What is the term for the process by which the inside of the cell membrane becomes more positive?
What term describes the process of the cell membrane returning to its resting potential after depolarization?
What term describes the process of the cell membrane returning to its resting potential after depolarization?
Action potentials can occur in a graded fashion, meaning their magnitude can vary.
Action potentials can occur in a graded fashion, meaning their magnitude can vary.
What is the term for the junction between two neurons?
What is the term for the junction between two neurons?
Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron.
Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron.
What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?
What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?
What are the two major neurotransmitters?
What are the two major neurotransmitters?
The effects of neurotransmitters are long-lasting.
The effects of neurotransmitters are long-lasting.
What type of neuronal pathway involves two or more neurons converging onto a single postsynaptic neuron?
What type of neuronal pathway involves two or more neurons converging onto a single postsynaptic neuron?
What type of neuronal pathway involves a single presynaptic neuron sending signals to multiple postsynaptic neurons?
What type of neuronal pathway involves a single presynaptic neuron sending signals to multiple postsynaptic neurons?
A reflex arc is a neuronal pathway responsible for involuntary responses.
A reflex arc is a neuronal pathway responsible for involuntary responses.
What are the five components of a reflex arc?
What are the five components of a reflex arc?
Simple reflex arcs do not involve interneurons.
Simple reflex arcs do not involve interneurons.
What is the term for the process by which multiple presynaptic action potentials combine their effects on a postsynaptic neuron?
What is the term for the process by which multiple presynaptic action potentials combine their effects on a postsynaptic neuron?
Which type of summation occurs when local potentials originate from different locations on the postsynaptic neuron?
Which type of summation occurs when local potentials originate from different locations on the postsynaptic neuron?
Which type of summation occurs when local potentials are generated close together in time?
Which type of summation occurs when local potentials are generated close together in time?
The peripheral nervous system is made up of all of the nervous tissue outside of the CNS.
The peripheral nervous system is made up of all of the nervous tissue outside of the CNS.
What is the name given to the junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron?
What is the name given to the junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron?
What are the specialized layers that wrap around the axons of some neurons called?
What are the specialized layers that wrap around the axons of some neurons called?
What is the name of the process by which myelination of an axon increases the speed and efficiency of action potential generation along the axon?
What is the name of the process by which myelination of an axon increases the speed and efficiency of action potential generation along the axon?
What is the name of the process that describes the integration of multiple subthreshold local potentials?
What is the name of the process that describes the integration of multiple subthreshold local potentials?
What are the two types of summation?
What are the two types of summation?
Which of these is NOT a type of neuron?
Which of these is NOT a type of neuron?
What are the four types of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS)?
What are the four types of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS)?
What type of glial cells are known for providing myelin to neurons?
What type of glial cells are known for providing myelin to neurons?
What is the type of ion that is largely found found inside of the cell membrane?
What is the type of ion that is largely found found inside of the cell membrane?
The ______ is a junction between two neurons and is responsible for transmitting messages from one neuron to another.
The ______ is a junction between two neurons and is responsible for transmitting messages from one neuron to another.
Neurons are specialized cells that generate and transmit electrical signals for fast communication in the nervous system.
Neurons are specialized cells that generate and transmit electrical signals for fast communication in the nervous system.
What is the name of the chemical substances stored in synaptic vesicles that are released across the synaptic cleft to transmit signals between neurons?
What is the name of the chemical substances stored in synaptic vesicles that are released across the synaptic cleft to transmit signals between neurons?
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the sodium-potassium pump?
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the sodium-potassium pump?
The resting membrane potential is a state where the inside of a neuron is more positively charged than the outside.
The resting membrane potential is a state where the inside of a neuron is more positively charged than the outside.
What is the name of the change in membrane potential that occurs when the inside of a neuron becomes more positive due to an influx of sodium (Na$^{+}$) ions?
What is the name of the change in membrane potential that occurs when the inside of a neuron becomes more positive due to an influx of sodium (Na$^{+}$) ions?
What is the name of the change in membrane potential that occurs when the inside of a neuron becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential?
What is the name of the change in membrane potential that occurs when the inside of a neuron becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?
A reflex arc is the neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs.
A reflex arc is the neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs.
Which of the following is NOT a component of a reflex arc?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a reflex arc?
What are the two main types of neuronal pathways?
What are the two main types of neuronal pathways?
A converging pathway is a simple pathway in which an axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one other postsynaptic neuron.
A converging pathway is a simple pathway in which an axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one other postsynaptic neuron.
Flashcards
Nervous System
Nervous System
The network of nerve cells and tissues that transmits signals throughout the body.
Nervous system functions
Nervous system functions
Receiving sensory input, integrating information, controlling muscles/glands, maintaining homeostasis, and mental activity.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord; body's central control
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Sensory division
Sensory division
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Motor division
Motor division
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Somatic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
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Autonomic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
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Enteric nervous system
Enteric nervous system
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Neurons
Neurons
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Glial cells
Glial cells
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Multipolar neuron
Multipolar neuron
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Bipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
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Pseudo-unipolar neuron
Pseudo-unipolar neuron
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Astrocytes
Astrocytes
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Ependymal cells
Ependymal cells
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Microglial cells
Microglial cells
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Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
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Schwann cells
Schwann cells
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Myelin sheath
Myelin sheath
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Nodes of Ranvier
Nodes of Ranvier
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Saltatory conduction
Saltatory conduction
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Gray matter
Gray matter
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White matter
White matter
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Action potential
Action potential
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Synapse
Synapse
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Reflex
Reflex
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Reflex arc
Reflex arc
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What are sensory receptors?
What are sensory receptors?
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What is sensation?
What is sensation?
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What are general senses?
What are general senses?
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What are special senses?
What are special senses?
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What are mechanoreceptors?
What are mechanoreceptors?
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What are chemoreceptors?
What are chemoreceptors?
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What are photoreceptors?
What are photoreceptors?
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What are thermoreceptors?
What are thermoreceptors?
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What are nociceptors?
What are nociceptors?
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What are Merkel's disks?
What are Merkel's disks?
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What are hair follicle receptors?
What are hair follicle receptors?
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What are Meissner corpuscles?
What are Meissner corpuscles?
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What are Ruffini corpuscles?
What are Ruffini corpuscles?
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What are Pacinian corpuscles?
What are Pacinian corpuscles?
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What is localized pain?
What is localized pain?
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What is diffuse pain?
What is diffuse pain?
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What is local anesthesia?
What is local anesthesia?
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What is general anesthesia?
What is general anesthesia?
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What is referred pain?
What is referred pain?
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What is olfaction?
What is olfaction?
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What is the process of olfaction?
What is the process of olfaction?
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What are taste buds?
What are taste buds?
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What is the process of taste?
What is the process of taste?
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What are the five main types of tastes?
What are the five main types of tastes?
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What is the function of eyelashes?
What is the function of eyelashes?
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What is the function of the conjunctiva?
What is the function of the conjunctiva?
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What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
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What is the function of extrinsic eye muscles?
What is the function of extrinsic eye muscles?
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What is the sclera?
What is the sclera?
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What is the cornea?
What is the cornea?
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What is the choroid?
What is the choroid?
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What is the function of the ciliary body?
What is the function of the ciliary body?
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What are suspensory ligaments?
What are suspensory ligaments?
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What is the function of the lens?
What is the function of the lens?
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What is the iris?
What is the iris?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Divisions
- The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord, acting as the control center.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) encompasses all nervous tissue outside the CNS, responsible for communication between the CNS and the rest of the body.
Nervous System Functions
- The sensory division of the PNS transmits information from sensory receptors to the CNS, providing awareness about internal and external environments.
- The somatic nervous system, a part of the PNS, controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing.
- The enteric nervous system is embedded within the walls of the digestive tract, controlling its functions independently of the CNS.
Nervous System Cells
- The nervous system consists of two main cell types: neurons and glial cells.
- Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system, transmitting nerve impulses.
- Glial cells support and protect neurons, playing crucial roles in maintaining the environment and assisting in the transmission of signals.
Neuron Structure
- Neurons possess three main components:
- Dendrites: Branching extensions that receive information from other neurons.
- Cell body (soma): Contains the nucleus and other organelles.
- Axon: A single, long extension that transmits signals to other neurons or effector organs.
Neuron Types
- Multipolar neurons have multiple dendrites and a single axon, the most common type.
- Bipolar neurons have two processes: one dendrite and one axon.
- Unipolar neurons have a single process that splits into two branches, one functioning as a dendrite and the other as an axon.
Glial Cells in CNS
- The four main types of glial cells in the CNS are:
- Astrocytes: Star-shaped cells that support neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and regulate the extracellular environment.
- Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS, facilitating fast signal transmission.
- Microglia: Act as immune cells, removing debris and protecting the CNS from pathogens.
- Ependymal cells: Line the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord, producing cerebrospinal fluid.
Myelin Sheath
- Schwann cells, glial cells in the PNS, form myelin sheaths around axons.
- Myelin sheaths are lipid-rich coverings that insulate axons, increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmission.
- Saltatory conduction is the process of nerve impulse transmission along myelinated axons, where the impulse jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next, increasing efficiency.
Membrane Channels
- Leak channels are always open, allowing the passive diffusion of ions across the cell membrane.
- Gated channels are closed until opened by specific signals, controlling the movement of ions.
- Voltage-gated channels open or close in response to changes in membrane potential.
- Ligand-gated channels open or close when a specific molecule binds to them.
- Mechanically gated channels are activated by physical deformation of the cell membrane.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
- The sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the concentration gradients necessary for nerve impulse transmission.
Resting Membrane Potential
- The resting membrane potential is the electrical potential difference across the cell membrane when the neuron is not transmitting a signal.
- The resting membrane potential is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump and the permeability of the cell membrane to different ions.
Action Potential
- Action potentials are rapid changes in membrane potential that travel along the axon, transmitting nerve impulses.
- Depolarization is the process of the inside of the cell becoming more positive.
- Repolarization is the process of the cell membrane returning to its resting potential after depolarization.
- Action potentials are all-or-none events, meaning they either occur fully or not at all.
Synapse
- A synapse is the junction between two neurons where nerve impulses are transmitted.
- Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released from the presynaptic neuron that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, initiating a signal.
Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine (ACh) is a major neurotransmitter in the nervous system, involved in muscle contraction, memory, and learning.
- Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine.
- Other significant neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and GABA.
Neuronal Pathways
- Convergent pathways involve two or more neurons converging onto a single postsynaptic neuron, integrating multiple inputs.
- Divergent pathways involve a single presynaptic neuron sending signals to multiple postsynaptic neurons, amplifying the signal.
Reflex Arc
- A reflex arc is a neuronal pathway that controls involuntary responses to stimuli, bypassing the conscious brain.
- The five components of a reflex arc are:
- Receptor: Detects the stimulus.
- Sensory neuron: Transmits the signal to the CNS.
- Integration center: Processes the information.
- Motor neuron: Transmits the signal to the effector.
- Effector: Carries out the response.
Summation
- Summation is the process of adding together the effects of multiple local potentials on a postsynaptic neuron.
- Spatial summation occurs when local potentials originate from different locations on the postsynaptic neuron.
- Temporal summation occurs when local potentials are generated close together in time.
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Description
Explore the intricate functions and divisions of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn about the roles of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems, along with their subdivisions. Test your knowledge on sensory and motor pathways, and how they contribute to bodily functions.
