Nervous System Overview Quiz

<p>They enable widespread neurotransmitter release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may work together to control complex processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine beta-hydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gq/11</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are degraded by enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β1 adrenergic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Converts norepinephrine to epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate signal transduction in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To integrate and coordinate sensory information and motor commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It connects the CNS with muscles, organs, and sensory receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They work in opposition to maintain homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating voluntary movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carrying sensory information to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parasympathetic division has a localized impact on visceral structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-lived excitation of ganglionic neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some organs are innervated by just one division, while most receive dual innervation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Routine adjustments in physiological homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes all nerves that branch out from the CNS to connect it with the rest of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two primary divisions of the ANS are the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, which generally work in opposition to maintain homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SNS controls voluntary movements and carries sensory information from the body's receptors to the CNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurotransmitters in the ANS mediate responses on target organs and tissues, influencing functions like heart rate and digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasympathetic division neurons have long preganglionic fibers that synapse close to target organs, whereas sympathetic division neurons have short preganglionic fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spinal cord serves as a pathway for nerve signals between the brain and the rest of the body, integrating reflexes and other functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dual innervation refers to the phenomenon where most organs receive nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, allowing for fine-tuned regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic division prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses, while the parasympathetic division promotes 'rest and digest' activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenaline increases heart rate, dilates airways, and redirects blood flow to muscles, preparing the body for a 'fight or flight' response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) at cholinergic synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine through a series of enzymatic reactions, primarily in the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve terminals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic division promotes 'fight or flight' responses, increasing alertness and metabolism, while the parasympathetic division induces 'rest and digest' activities, promoting relaxation and restoration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic varicosities act as sites of neurotransmitter release, enabling diffuse communication with target cells throughout the sympathetic nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to adrenergic receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors, triggering intracellular signaling pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tyrosine hydroxylase is the enzyme that converts tyrosine into dopamine, the first step in the synthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parasympathetic division promotes restorative processes during rest, such as slowing the heart rate and stimulating digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released into the synaptic cleft upon stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, triggered by action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoamine oxidase (MAO) degrades norepinephrine and epinephrine after they exert their effects, regulating their levels in the synaptic cleft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upon activation by a GPCR, GDP is exchanged for GTP on the α subunit of the G-protein, resulting in the separation of Gα and Gβγ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α1 receptors activate the Gq/11 family leading to phospholipase C activation, whereas β1 receptors activate Gs, increasing cAMP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of Gi proteins by α2 adrenergic receptors inhibits adenylyl cyclase, leading to decreased cAMP levels in the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After binding to adrenergic receptors, norepinephrine can be taken back up into nerve terminals for recycling or degraded by enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipase C (PLC) cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and DAG, leading to the release of intracellular calcium ions and excitatory effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degradation of norepinephrine and epinephrine by enzymes like MAO and COMT ensures that their levels are regulated and prevents prolonged signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotinic receptors cause short-lived excitation in ganglionic cells, while muscarinic receptors produce longer-lasting effects that can be either excitatory or inhibitory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parasympathetic division has long preganglionic neurons and short postganglionic neurons, whereas the sympathetic division features short preganglionic neurons and long postganglionic neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotinic receptors function by opening chemically gated channels for rapid response, while muscarinic receptors act as GPCRs, resulting in slower and more sustained effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some organs are innervated by only one division, but most receive dual innervation, providing a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic division typically increases metabolic rates and prepares the body for action, while the parasympathetic division conserves energy and promotes restful functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscarinic receptors may activate various second messenger systems that influence long-term physiological responses, allowing for modulation of cellular activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasympathetic responses, mediated primarily by ACh through muscarinic receptors, can be either excitatory or inhibitory, unlike sympathetic responses which are generally excitatory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of ganglionic cells in both divisions ensures a balanced regulation of organ functions, allowing for appropriate responses to various physiological states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine beta-hydroxylase = Converts dopamine to norepinephrine Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase = Converts norepinephrine to epinephrine Monoamine oxidase (MAO) = Degrades norepinephrine and epinephrine Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) = Degrades norepinephrine and epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α1 receptors = Activate phospholipase C (PLC) α2 receptors = Inhibit adenylyl cyclase β1 receptors = Activate adenylyl cyclase to generate cAMP β3 receptors = Activate adenylyl cyclase to generate cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α1 receptors = Excitatory response by releasing intracellular calcium ions α2 receptors = Inhibitory response by reducing cAMP β1 receptors = Increases heart rate and contraction force β2 receptors = Smooth muscle relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding of ligand = Activates GPCR GDP exchange for GTP = Activates G-protein Splitting of G-protein = Initiates signaling cascade Termination of signal = Gα hydrolyzes GTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic cleft = Space where neurotransmitters exert effects Nerve terminals = Storage site for norepinephrine and epinephrine Adrenergic receptors = Target sites for norepinephrine and epinephrine Reuptake mechanism = Recycles neurotransmitters after action</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α1 receptors = Gq/11 α2 receptors = Gi β1 receptors = Gs β2 receptors = Gs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine = Released during sympathetic activation Epinephrine = Released by adrenal medulla during stress Dopamine = Precursor for norepinephrine synthesis cAMP = Generated following β receptor activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heart rate = β1 receptors Vasoconstriction = α1 receptors Inhibition of insulin release = α2 receptors Bronchodilation = β2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotinic receptors = Short-lived excitation of ganglionic neurons Muscarinic receptors = Longer-lasting effects than nicotinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic division = Fight or flight response Parasympathetic division = Lowering metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine (ACh) = Released by all parasympathetic neurons Norepinephrine (NE) = Involved in sympathetic division effects ACh = Short-lived responses in nicotinic receptors NE = Widespread impact in sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic division = Long ganglionic neurons Parasympathetic division = Short ganglionic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dual innervation = Most organs receive input from both divisions Preganglionic neurons = ACh is the neurotransmitter released Ganglionic neurons = Short in parasympathetic division Postganglionic fibers = Long in sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasympathetic stimulation = ACh release Muscarinic receptor activation = Response can be excitatory or inhibitory Nicotinic receptor activation = Excitation of ganglionic neurons Longer-lasting effects = Muscarinic receptors' primary attribute</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACh = Short responses in nicotinic receptors Norepinephrine = Primary in sympathetic postganglionic neurons Epinephrine = Acts alongside norepinephrine in sympathetic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SNS = Voluntary control of skeletal muscles ANS = Unconscious homeostatic regulation Sympathetic division = Utilizes energy resources Parasympathetic division = Maintains metabolic homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic division = Increases heart rate and alertness Parasympathetic division = Facilitates digestive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CNS = Central processing unit of the nervous system PNS = All nerves outside the central nervous system SNS = Controls voluntary movements ANS = Regulates involuntary body functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine = Primary neurotransmitter at specific targets in sympathetic division Acetylcholine = Released at cholinergic synapses in sympathetic pathways Dopamine = Intermediate in the synthesis of norepinephrine Epinephrine = Released from the adrenal medulla during stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α receptors = G protein-coupled receptors that activate intracellular pathways β receptors = Involved in cardiovascular and metabolic responses Adrenergic receptors = Activated by norepinephrine and epinephrine Cholinergic receptors = Involved in excitatory responses in sympathetic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine = Primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division Norepinephrine = Primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic division Epinephrine = Hormone that enhances sympathetic responses Dopamine = Precursor in the synthesis of norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic division = Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' Parasympathetic division = Promotes 'rest and digest' functions Somatic nervous system = Enables conscious control of skeletal muscles Autonomic nervous system = Regulates involuntary processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic varicosities = Sites of neurotransmitter release along sympathetic fibers Ganglionic neurons = Neurons that respond to neurotransmitters in autonomic pathways Tyrosine hydroxylase = Enzyme that converts tyrosine to dopamine G protein-coupled receptors = Receptors that mediate the effects of catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic division = Dilates pupils Parasympathetic division = Constricts bronchi in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased air flow = Bronchodilation Redirected blood flow = Increased oxygen delivery to muscles Increased glucose release = Enhanced energy availability Increased heart rate = Improved blood circulation during stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic division = Inhibits digestive secretions Parasympathetic division = Stimulates salivation and digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CNS = Brain and spinal cord PNS = Nerves branching from the CNS SNS = Sensory receptors and skeletal muscles ANS = Glands and smooth muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic division = Uses norepinephrine at target organs Parasympathetic division = Uses acetylcholine at ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurotransmitter vesicles = Store neurotransmitters in synaptic terminals Adrenal medulla = Site of epinephrine synthesis and release Sympathetic nerve fibers = Initiate the 'fight or flight' response Postganglionic neurons = Transmit signals to target organs in the sympathetic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic control = Voluntary movement and sensory information Autonomic control = Involuntary regulation of internal organs Central nervous system = Integration of sensory and motor commands Peripheral nervous system = Connection of the CNS to the rest of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction = Increased blood pressure during stress Increased metabolic rate = Enhanced energy expenditure Inhibition of non-essential functions = Redirects energy to vital systems Release of glucose = Improves immediate energy supply for muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine = Slows heart rate Norepinephrine = Increases alertness and focus Epinephrine = Prepares the body for action Dopamine = Involved in mood and reward pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers