Nervous System Overview Quiz

<p>Both internal organs and the external world (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomic nervous system (ANS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The PNS can regenerate lost tissue, but the CNS cannot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gravity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling and coordinating movements of the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Midbrain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal fissure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corpus callosum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spinal cord, brainstem, forebrain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Newest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connecting the two hemispheres of the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain can physically and chemically change to adapt to the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A person who suffers a stroke can regain some lost abilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Science is a set of procedures for testing hypotheses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To support the theory of neuroplasticity and the brain's ability to recover. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The localization of specific mental faculties to different parts of the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People with large, protruding eyes had good memories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bumps indicated a well-developed area of the brain, while depressions indicated an underdeveloped area. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phrenology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A device to measure bumps and depressions on the skull (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intelligence quotient (IQ) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corpus callosum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The corticospinal tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the brain is highly interconnected and damage affects multiple functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text doesn't provide enough information to answer this question. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only 10% of the brain is used. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain injury can be a source of scientific insight into the functions of different brain regions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enabled patients to remain awake during surgery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enabled surgeons to perform surgery with greater precision. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical stimulation of surrounding tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved understanding of the relationship between brain structure and function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A small, localized area of brain damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that brain functions are localized (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pigeons recovered from their initial impairments, suggesting distributed function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dogs with extensive brain damage were able to recover some basic functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of minimal movement does not necessarily indicate consciousness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the complexity of determining consciousness based on observable behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He experienced a significant improvement in his conscious awareness and ability to perform basic tasks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests a potential method for detecting consciousness in unresponsive patients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The disruption of communication pathways between brain regions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain damage can lead to recovery of function through the involvement of other brain regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disconnection theory focuses on communication pathways, while distributed function emphasizes the roles of multiple brain regions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both theories emphasize the importance of communication pathways in the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests a sequential and interconnected flow of information across different brain regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain's plasticity allows for some degree of recovery, depending on the extent of the damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distinguishing between conscious and unconscious behavior can be complex. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a comprehensive map of the brain's communication pathways. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Golgi's silverstaining technique (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A network of interconnected neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons are autonomous and not connected (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Images produced by electron microscopes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A membrane that encapsulates groups of neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is fully supported by electron microscopy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide support functions such as delivering nutrients and removing waste (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical stimulation of a frog's nerve causes muscle contractions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain can be electrically stimulated to produce movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axons send signals while dendrites receive signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different parts of the cortex control different functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It identified the basic unit of brain structure and function as the nerve cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staining with silver nitrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical stimulation can be used on humans to produce subjective sensations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The neuron theory explains the basic unit of brain function, while the brain theory emphasizes the role of the brain as a whole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A technique used to stimulate the brain using magnetic fields (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It established the foundation for contemporary brain research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons are responsible for processing information and producing behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inspired him to investigate the relationship between electricity and muscle contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow for fast signal transmission over long distances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that glial cells are equally important as neurons in brain function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They built upon Galvani's findings to investigate electrical stimulation of the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implied that the brain is capable of both conscious and unconscious activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical irritation of the brain caused twitching in the opposite side of the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bartholow's experiment used a human subject, while Fritsch and Hitzig used animals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A three-dimensional atlas of the human brain with high resolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lacked the technology to adequately examine nervous system structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involved the use of a human subject (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce behavior and mediate the brain's plasticity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To illustrate the connection between brain injury and specific behavioral deficits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To introduce two key theories that shape modern neuropsychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allowed scientists to visualize neurons in their entirety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans are capable of rational thought and consciousness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that mental illness is solely a result of physical brain dysfunction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical brain is the only source of all human behavior, including thought and emotion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The similarities in skeletal structures, muscles, and nervous systems across various species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding how species evolve and change over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heritable factors and environmental influences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genes provide the blueprint for traits, and the environment can modify how these traits are expressed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetics reveals how environmental factors can alter gene expression, influencing behaviour. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His theory provided justification for treating animals as machines lacking consciousness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes believed the mind was separate from the body, while Darwin believed the mind emerged from the brain. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Darwin provided a foundation for understanding human behaviour as a product of evolution. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There was no significant difference between their contributions. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetics dictates the survival and reproduction of individuals within a species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He found evidence of widespread damage in Tan's brain, including the posterior cortex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to speak fluently, but with nonsensical content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connecting Wernicke's area to Broca's area, facilitating the flow of auditory information for speech production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broca believed that language was localized to a single area, whereas Wernicke proposed a distributed network across multiple regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conduction aphasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broca's aphasia affects speech production, while Wernicke's aphasia affects language comprehension. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He believed that the left hemisphere was dominant for language in humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paralysis of the right arm and leg. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It challenged the idea of a single, localized language center in the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charles Scott Sherrington (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He linked alexia to a disconnection between the visual and language areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language processing involves a complex network of interconnected brain regions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons release chemicals that influence the activity of other neurons and muscles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He linked apraxia to a disconnection between motor and sensory areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic plasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both demonstrate the importance of interconnected brain regions for language processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of neurons connected by synapses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrophysics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 1874 model focused on a single language processing center, while the Wernicke-Geschwind model recognizes a distributed network of interconnected regions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They marked the beginning of the modern era in neurosurgery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain functions are distributed across a network of interconnected areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It connects Wernicke's area to Broca's area, enabling the flow of auditory information for speech production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trephination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain is constantly changing and adapting as we learn and experience. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggested the presence of a junction between neurons, called a synapse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consciousness is a purely electrical phenomenon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To hold the head in a fixed position during surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They recognized the potential of surgery to relieve cranial pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The &quot;Soups&quot; theory focuses on chemical signals, while the &quot;Sparks&quot; theory focuses on electrical impulses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A child learning a new language and acquiring new skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing tools to measure human mental abilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consciousness is a product of the interconnectedness of neurons and their interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A folded tube filled with cerebrospinal fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cushion the brain and remove metabolic waste (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pituitary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To process sensory information and execute motor commands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain evolved from a simpler, tube-like structure found in early organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heart is the seat of the psyche, which is independent of the body and influences behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior is a result of the interplay between the mind and body, which are separate entities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle believed the mind was nonmaterial and controlled behavior, while Descartes believed the body was a machine controlled by the mind. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Materialism – behavior is a consequence of the physical brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A water-powered statue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vice versa. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SNS has more connections with the CNS than the ANS, providing greater conscious control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Various theories that explain the relationship between the brain and behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The importance of understanding the relationship between the brain and behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helped to advance the study of reflexes and mechanistic behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'mind' is a convenient term that refers to the totality of brain functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior can be understood through a mechanistic model of the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The left hemisphere of the brain solely controls the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere controls the left side. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To guide actions related to objects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual-form agnosia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both hemispheres are capable of independent conscious awareness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They created a population of individuals whose brain hemispheres were functionally isolated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that conscious visual perception is not necessary for all motor actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agnosia patients can perform visual tasks accurately but cannot describe them, whereas patients with visual ataxia can describe objects but cannot grasp them correctly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vision is a complex, multifaceted system with multiple pathways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D.F.'s ability to grasp objects accurately even though she couldn't visually recognize them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To connect the two hemispheres of the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hemispheres possess complementary self-awareness and social consciousness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the limitations of using language as the sole tool for understanding brain processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconscious visual processes play a significant role in guiding actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Her ability to grasp objects accurately despite her visual agnosia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reveal that sensory systems, like vision, are multifaceted and utilize both conscious and unconscious processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuropsychology should acknowledge the existence of a private mental life and its influence on behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He did not consider the superficial appearances of the skull. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is localized in the frontal lobes of the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was a challenge to other scientists to prove his theory wrong. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It successfully localized the area responsible for speech in the left frontal lobe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrated that the left hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gall's theory laid the foundation for further investigations into brain localization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His work was initially ignored but later became essential in confirming the link between speech and the left hemisphere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the inability to speak due to damage to Broca's area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gall's theory was primarily interested in personality, while Broca focused on language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It confirmed that a specific brain area is responsible for speech production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emphasizes the groundbreaking nature of Broca's discovery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of understanding about brain lateralization was a long process involving many scientists. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was a gradual process involving multiple scientists and observations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is responsible for language, which is central to human consciousness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain is highly interconnected and specialized. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phrenology was a flawed science but sparked important research questions that led to modern discoveries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reveals the complexity of human thought and behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fact that removing the cortex does not completely eliminate any function, but rather reduces all functions, supports hierarchical organization. (A), The observed recovery of function after brain damage, despite the removal of specific areas, supports the idea of hierarchical organization. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher levels control more complex aspects of behavior using the lower levels as tools. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain's hierarchical organization ensures that lower levels can still function even if the cortex is removed, leading to a reduction but not complete elimination of function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It revealed that the brain has multiple memory systems that operate independently and in parallel. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain has a single memory structure that is capable of storing memories across different categories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The problem of explaining how the brain creates a unified experience from multiple parallel processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reverse of evolution in which the brain loses complex behaviors and reverts to simpler, more primitive functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It showed that different brain regions are responsible for learning and remembering motor skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BCIs are non-invasive, making them a safe and convenient communication method. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the overall level of brain activity and identify signs of consciousness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different types of memories are processed differently and stored in different locations. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The impact of brain injury on cognitive function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hippocampus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding how the brain creates a unified experience from distributed processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two hemispheres are interconnected and collaborate on a wide range of cognitive tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two hemispheres have distinct representations of multiple brain systems, resulting in a 'two-sided' view of the mind. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structure and organization of the brain within the skull.

The outer layer of the brain, folded and covering internal structures.

The two symmetrical halves of the brain, left and right.

The divisions of the brain named after the skull bones: occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal.

The salty fluid that cushions the brain and removes waste.

The basic structural plan of the brain, shaped like a tube.

The lobe located at the back of the brain, responsible for vision.

The lobe at the front of the brain, involved in reasoning and planning.

Divided into sensory and motor pathways influencing internal organ functions.

Comprised of the brain and spinal cord; coordinates body functions.

Neural pathways that carry sensory information to the CNS.

Neural pathways that carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles.

Each brain hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.

The philosophical view that the mind controls behavior.

The theory that mind and body are separate but interact.

The belief that everything, including thoughts, is physical and can be studied.

The nonmaterial essence responsible for thoughts and emotions.

Proposed that psyche exists independent of the body, influencing actions.

Behavior response via reflexes, like reactions to stimuli.

A brain structure thought to mediate the interaction between mind and body.

The study of the relationship between brain function and behavior.

The body's natural cyclical changes influenced by the pineal gland.

Modern study of the brain focusing on understanding mental processes.

The outer layer of the brain, involved in higher functions.

Folds or bumps on the surface of the cortex.

Creases or grooves that separate gyri in the cortex.

Large sulci that divide regions of the brain.

The largest commissure connecting the brain's hemispheres.

Located below the lateral fissure, associated with hearing and memory.

Located behind the frontal lobe, processes sensory information.

Connects CNS to the rest of the body; it includes sensory and motor pathways.

Part of PNS that controls voluntary movements and sensory information from the environment.

Part of SNS connecting muscles to produce movement.

Connects sensory receptors to the brain to process information.

A now-discredited method for evaluating mental abilities based on skull shape.

A theory that linked skull bumps to personality traits and behaviors.

The concept that specific brain regions are responsible for particular functions.

Gall proposed that different brain functions correspond to specific areas of the brain.

The principle that one side of the brain specializes in certain functions.

Proposed that language is located in the frontal lobes of the brain.

Showed that speech disorders correlate with left hemisphere brain lesions.

Auburtin asserted a connection between brain lesions and speech loss.

The founder of the Anthropological Society; discovered Broca's area.

The region in the left frontal lobe responsible for speech production.

A condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing difficulty speaking.

The specialization of the left hemisphere for language and related functions.

The case of a patient who could only say 'tan' and had a lesion in Broca's area.

A damaged area in the brain often associated with neurological deficits.

The findings on brain function localization laid the groundwork for neurology.

The brain's ability to change physically and chemically to adapt.

The process wherein the brain compensates for damage, often through neuroplasticity.

The anatomist who proposed the localization of brain functions.

The main pathway from the cortex to the spinal cord, controlling movement.

A patient of Gall who exemplified his ideas of specific brain areas affecting behavior.

A materialistic view in science that analyzes brain behavior without religious bias.

The idea that people only use a fraction of their brains is incorrect; all parts have functions.

Characteristics linked to specific brain structures, as proposed by Gall’s studies.

A systematic way of investigating relationships between brain and behavior.

Part of the brain that influences speech and language ability.

Refers to mind and consciousness as combinations of multiple brain activities.

The question of how a nonmaterial mind influences a material body.

A fundamental principle that states energy cannot be created or destroyed.

The idea that mind and body operate simultaneously without direct interaction.

The process through which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.

A group of organisms that can breed among themselves but not with others.

The observable traits or characteristics of an organism.

A scientist known as the father of modern genetics for his work on inheritance.

Heritable factors that determine traits in organisms.

The study of genes and their functions.

The study of how the environment influences gene expression.

Changes in behavior that help an organism survive in its environment.

Conditions that impair rational processes of the mind.

The principle that species evolve over time through inherited changes.

A system that enables communication for individuals unable to move but conscious.

Methods used to determine consciousness in unresponsive individuals, combining brain imaging and behavior.

A principle that explains how different levels of the brain control behavior, from simple to complex.

Neurologist who proposed the hierarchical organization of the brain in behavior processing.

When brain damage affects higher levels of hierarchy, resulting in simpler behaviors.

The concept that memory is not a single function, but involves various systems working in parallel.

Patient with severe memory impairment after temporal lobe surgery, studied extensively for memory research.

Partial or total loss of memory often associated with brain injury or surgery.

Type of memory that stores information about the locations of objects and environments.

Memory that captures emotions related to specific events or experiences.

The challenge of how the brain integrates separate sensory and motor events into a unified experience.

Different brain regions responsible for encoding various aspects of experiences.

The ability to perceive a coherent experience from various sensory inputs processed separately.

The distinction between acquiring motor skills and remembering having learned them, shown in H.M.’s case.

The idea that certain brain functions are located in specific areas of the brain.

Medications that allow patients to stay awake during surgery by blocking pain in specific areas.

A tool used to immobilize a patient's head for precise brain surgery.

Surgical treatment targeting brain abnormalities with the aim of restoring function.

Specific damaged areas in the brain linked to changes in behavior.

Electrical stimulation used during surgery to identify brain function and damage extent.

A procedure cutting the corpus callosum to reduce seizures.

Neuroscientist who studied split-brain patients.

Responsible for language and speech in most people.

Handles comprehension and visual-motor tasks.

Inability to recognize objects visually while having normal vision.

Pathway for action guidance related to vision.

Pathway for conscious object recognition.

Inability to recognize shapes but can grasp them.

Much of our behavior is driven by unconscious processes.

Sperry's idea that both hemispheres have unique consciousness.

Movement based on visual information processing.

Loss of vision due to damage to the visual cortex.

The ability to identify objects visually.

A theory in neuropsychology that complex behaviors result from brain structure connections.

A comprehensive map of all neural connections in the brain.

Computer models designed to simulate brain function and connectome.

The concept that brain functions rely on multiple regions rather than one.

A French physiologist who studied the effects of removing brain regions.

A German physiologist known for his extreme brain removal studies in dogs.

A condition where a patient is alive but shows no awareness or ability to respond.

A condition where patients have inconsistent but detectable awareness.

A treatment involving electrical stimulation of the brain to improve function.

Actions that are performed with awareness and intention.

Actions completed without conscious awareness or intent.

The brain's ability to adapt and recover from injury over time.

An action taken based on stimuli processed by the brain.

The process by which remaining brain tissues compensate for lost functions.

The difficulty in distinguishing between conscious and unconscious behavior.

French anatomist who criticized Broca's conclusions on language localization.

Region in the temporal lobe critical for language comprehension.

Aphasia characterized by fluent but nonsensical speech and impaired understanding.

Aphasia caused by disconnection between Broca's and Wernicke's areas, affecting repetition.

The specialization of brain functions in either the left or right hemisphere.

The neural pathway connecting Wernicke's area and Broca's area.

Inability to read due to disconnection between visual and language areas.

Inability to perform coordinated movements due to disconnection of areas responsible for movement.

A language disorder affecting comprehension, production, or both.

Another term for Wernicke aphasia, where speech is fluent but nonsensical.

The concept that nerve cells are the basic units of brain structure and function.

Neurons consist of a cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon.

The nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells.

Neurons are discrete, autonomous cells that interact without being physically connected.

Neurons transmit information using electrical signals with a chemical basis.

Neurons communicate with each other using chemical signals.

Dendrites are extensions that increase a neuron's surface area for connections.

The axon is a long extension that transmits signals away from the neuron's body.

Neurons allow the brain to adapt and learn, known as plasticity.

Approximately 85 billion neurons and 86 billion glial cells exist in the human brain.

Techniques have advanced to visualize and study neuronal structures effectively.

Staining allows different parts of neurons to be distinguished for study.

Camillo Golgi's method allows the entire neuron to be visualized using silver nitrate.

Neurons have three parts: soma (cell body), dendrites, and axon.

First cellular anatomist to discover nerves; debunked the myth of hollow tubes.

A Spanish anatomist known for his work on neuron development.

A technique used to visualize neurons in nervous tissue.

A membrane that surrounds groups of neurons, linking their functions.

An Italian physicist who discovered electrical stimulation effects on nerves.

Studies demonstrating electrical stimulation can produce movement.

The brain's method of mapping body parts to specific cortex regions.

Physician who first electrically stimulated human cortex in 1874.

Method to provoke reactions in the brain using electricity.

Condition that allowed direct stimulation of brain areas by Bartholow.

Guidelines established for humane research on human subjects.

Non-invasive technique using magnetic fields to stimulate brain activity.

A specific type of neuron illustrated by Cajal, involved in motor control.

A junction between two neurons where communication occurs.

Neurons send signals via electrical impulses and chemical neurotransmitters.

Neuropsychologist who wrote about neuronal interactions.

Nobel Prize winners who studied neuron information conduction.

Chemicals released by neurons that affect other neurons and muscles.

Physiologist who introduced the term 'synapse' and studied nerve connections.

Demonstrated that neurotransmitters communicate across synapses.

Proposes that simultaneous neuron activation strengthens connections.

The brain's ability to change and adapt through new synapses.

Groups of interconnected neurons that represent a behavior or thought.

An ancient surgical technique for relieving pressure in the skull.