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Questions and Answers
What are the parts of the spinal cord primarily occupied by myelinated axons called?
Which region of the spinal cord is formed by the fusion of dorsal and ventral horns?
Which neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by memory loss?
What is the primary function of neuroglial cells in the central nervous system?
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Which statement about the spinal cord is true regarding its structure?
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What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
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Which component acts as a protective barrier between the blood and the brain?
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The central nervous system consists of which two structures?
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Which of the following meninges is the outermost layer protecting the CNS?
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What is one role of cerebrospinal fluid?
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What is the primary function of the brainstem?
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Which lobe of the brain is primarily associated with vision?
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Where does the spinal cord typically extend from and to?
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Which of the following correctly describes the function of neuroglial cells?
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What is the primary role of the Na+-K+ pump in neurons?
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Which division of the nervous system is primarily responsible for voluntary muscle movements?
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What happens at the synapse between two neurons?
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What is true about the structure of a neuron?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
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Which cells produce the fatty insulating material known as myelin?
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Which of the following phases occurs during a nerve action potential?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- The nervous system is responsible for receiving information from various senses, integrating that information, and producing a rapid response.
- Key functions include muscle contraction, glandular secretion, thought, and emotions.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
- The brain is protected by the skull, while the spinal cord is encased in the vertebral column.
- Meningeal membranes, including dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater, protect the CNS and blood vessels.
- Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the arachnoid and pia mater, acting as a shock absorber and isolating the CNS from infections.
- The blood-brain barrier prevents certain substances from entering the brain.
Brain Lobes
- The brain is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
- Each lobe plays a role in specific functions such as thought, memory, vision, and language.
- The insula is occasionally considered a fifth lobe, located deep within the temporal lobe.
Brain Structures
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Cerebrum:
- Largest part of the brain.
- Responsible for thought, language, senses, memory, and voluntary movement.
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Cerebellum:
- Located at the base of the brain.
- Responsible for muscle coordination, balance, and posture.
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Brain Stem:
- Connects the brain to the spinal cord.
- Controls breathing, swallowing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
Spinal Cord
- Extends from the base of the skull to the area of the second lumbar vertebra.
- Composed of nerve cells and nerves that transmit messages between the brain and the body.
- Protected by the vertebral column.
Neuron
- Contains a cell body with a nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles.
- Dendrites receive messages from other neurons.
- Axons send messages to other neurons.
- Neurons do not physically touch, instead there is a gap called a synapse.
- Neurotransmitters are chemicals responsible for transmitting messages across synapses.
Neuroglial Cells
- Support and protect neurons.
- Do not generate or transmit impulses.
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CNS:
- Microglia: Immune cells of the CNS.
- Ependymal cells: Line cavities of the CNS and produce cerebrospinal fluid.
- Astrocytes: Provide structural support, regulate blood flow, and assist with nutrient transport in the CNS.
- Oligodendrocytes: Produce myelin in the CNS.
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PNS:
- Schwann cells: Produce myelin in the PNS.
- Satellite cells: Support and protect neuron cell bodies in the PNS.
Membrane Potential
- The sodium-potassium pump actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions, maintaining the resting potential.
- Some potassium ions leak out of the cell, making the inside of the cell more negative than the outside.
Disorders of the Nervous System
- Parkinson's disease: Motor disorder caused by neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra, part of the basal ganglia.
- Alzheimer's disease: Neurodegenerative disorder that leads to memory loss.
- Epilepsy: Common condition affecting the brain, causing seizures due to bursts of electrical activity.
- Paralysis: Loss of sensation and movement in a part of the body resulting from injury to the spinal cord or brain.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the nervous system, including its main functions and the structure of the central nervous system. Explore the roles of different brain lobes in thought, memory, and sensory processing. This quiz is perfect for students learning about human anatomy and physiology.
