Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a common characteristic of all neurotransmitters?

  • They are only found in the central nervous system.
  • They bind to specific receptors. (correct)
  • They are all classified as amino acids.
  • They can act on multiple types of receptors.

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for interpreting sensory information?

  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Central nervous system (correct)
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Somatic nervous system

Which neurotransmitter is classified as a biogenic amine?

  • Serotonin (correct)
  • Substance P
  • Glycine
  • Acetylcholine

Which component of the peripheral nervous system carries sensory information toward the central nervous system?

<p>Sensory (afferent) component (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the autonomic nervous system from the somatic nervous system?

<p>It is involved in the regulation of internal organs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of the spinal cord?

<p>Acting as a pathway for nerve impulses to and from the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is associated with reflex responses?

<p>Anterior horn (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'decussation' refer to in the context of the spinal cord?

<p>The crossing over of nerve fibers from one side of the spinal cord to the other (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which meningeal layer directly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord?

<p>Pia mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

<p>Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal cord structure is primarily responsible for carrying sensory information to the brain?

<p>Ascending tracts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the bony coverings that protect the spinal cord and brain called?

<p>Cranium and vertebrae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the spinal cord is associated with motor control?

<p>Lateral horn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is primarily released by the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Norepinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the systems and substances that mimic the functioning of the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Adrenergic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function is NOT associated with the oculomotor nerve?

<p>Salivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary sensory function of the olfactory nerve?

<p>Smell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for managing taste sensations from the tongue?

<p>Facial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of the vagus nerve?

<p>Regulation of digestive tract activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cholinergic' refer to?

<p>Similar to parasympathetic nervous system response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is primarily involved in managing sensation from the face?

<p>Trigeminal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which change in the nervous system is commonly associated with aging?

<p>Slower reflexes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the accessory nerve?

<p>Swallowing and speaking support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>To provide cushioning and support for the brain and spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is cerebrospinal fluid primarily reabsorbed?

<p>At the arachnoid granulations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?

<p>Somatic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information do spinal nerves primarily transmit?

<p>Both sensory information to the CNS and motor commands from the CNS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic function of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Regulating involuntary body functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for vision?

<p>Optic nerve (II) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an effector in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>To execute responses by muscles or glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does negative feedback function in the body?

<p>It maintains the body in a constant state by counteracting deviations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

<p>Occipital lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

<p>Regulation of homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the CNS is located between the cerebrum and the spinal cord?

<p>Brain stem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as a relay station for sensory information before it reaches the cerebral cortex?

<p>Thalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is associated with higher cognitive functions such as reasoning and problem-solving?

<p>Cerebral cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain maintains balance and fine motor control?

<p>Cerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?

<p>Transmitting signals between the brain and the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the cerebral cortex primarily located?

<p>On the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is involved in processing sound and memory?

<p>Temporal lobes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located at the base of the brainstem and controls autonomic functions such as heart rate and respiration?

<p>Medulla (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

<p>To constantly monitor internal and external environments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT part of the nervous system?

<p>Thyroid gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for rapid responses?

<p>Central nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

<p>To transmit signals between neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

<p>The nervous system influences the endocrine system through hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of functions performed by the nervous system?

<p>Sense information, interpret information, stimulate response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protects the brain and spinal cord in the nervous system?

<p>Cerebrospinal fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option accurately describes neurons?

<p>They are the primary cells for impulse transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nervous System Function

The nervous system rapidly responds to internal and external stimuli to maintain homeostasis.

Nervous System Components

The nervous system includes neurons, the brain, and the spinal cord.

Neuron Function

Neurons transmit nerve impulses.

Sensory Information

Information gathered from the internal or external environment.

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Control Centers

Interpret sensory information and initiate responses.

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Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

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Nervous System Subdivisions

Different parts of the nervous system with specific functions.

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Nerve Impulse Transmission

Electrical signals that travel through neurons for fast communication.

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Neurotransmitter Release

The process of neurotransmitter chemicals being released from a neuron into the synapse, triggered by an electrical impulse.

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Neurotransmitter Receptors

Specific protein molecules on the receiving neuron that bind to specific neurotransmitters, allowing for targeted communication between neurons.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The control center of the nervous system, composed of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for interpreting information and initiating responses.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The network of nerves outside the CNS, connecting the CNS to the rest of the body, responsible for carrying sensory information and motor commands.

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Blood-Brain Barrier

A protective barrier of tightly packed cells that control the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the brain, protecting it from harmful substances.

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Spinal Cord Function

The spinal cord acts as a pathway for nerve impulses to and from the brain and also serves as an interpretive center for basic responses (reflexes).

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Ascending Tracts

Ascending tracts carry sensory information from the body to the brain for interpretation.

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Anterior Horn

The anterior horn is located in the gray matter of the spinal cord and contains motor neurons that control skeletal muscle movement.

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Central Canal

The central canal is a fluid-filled channel that runs down the center of the spinal cord, connecting with the brain's ventricles.

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Descending Tracts

Descending tracts carry motor commands from the brain to the body, controlling muscle activity.

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Dorsal Nerve Root

The dorsal nerve root carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord.

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Foramen Magnum

The foramen magnum is the opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord connects to the brain.

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Lateral Horn

The lateral horn is found in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and contains neurons that control the autonomic nervous system.

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Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain, responsible for higher-level functions like thinking, learning, memory, and voluntary movement.

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Cerebral Hemispheres

Two halves of the cerebrum, each controlling the opposite side of the body.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outermost layer of the cerebrum, responsible for conscious thought, perception, and voluntary movement.

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Frontal Lobe

Located at the front of the brain, responsible for planning, decision-making, personality, and motor control.

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Parietal Lobe

Located above the temporal lobe, responsible for processing sensory information like touch, taste, and temperature.

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Temporal Lobes

Located below the parietal lobes, responsible for hearing, memory, and language comprehension.

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Occipital Lobe

Located at the back of the brain, responsible for processing visual information.

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Basal Ganglia

Groups of neurons located deep within the cerebrum, involved in controlling movement, learning, and habits.

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Diencephalon

The central part of the brain, containing the thalamus and hypothalamus.

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Thalamus

Relay station for sensory information, directing it to other parts of the brain.

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CSF Production

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by specialized structures called choroid plexuses, located within the ventricles of the brain.

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CSF Function

CSF acts as a cushion and shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord, provides nutrients and removes waste products, and helps regulate intracranial pressure.

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CSF Reabsorption

CSF is reabsorbed into the bloodstream through structures called arachnoid granulations, located in the superior sagittal sinus.

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Sensory Division of PNS

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system carries sensory information from receptors in the body to the CNS.

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What is a Receptor?

A receptor is a specialized sensory cell that detects changes in the internal or external environment, converting stimuli into nerve impulses.

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Motor Division of PNS

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system carries motor commands from the CNS to effectors.

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What is an Effector?

An effector is a muscle or gland that responds to a nerve impulse, carrying out a response.

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Somatic vs. Autonomic NS

The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movement, while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons at the synapse.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' response.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that promotes 'rest and digest' functions.

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Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system, triggering the 'fight or flight' response.

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Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system, promoting 'rest and digest' functions.

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Adrenergic

Relating to the sympathetic nervous system, like its effects.

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Cholinergic

Relating to the parasympathetic nervous system, like its effects.

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Cranial Nerves

Nerves that originate from the brain and control sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.

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Somatic Motor Function

Control of voluntary muscle movement.

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Autonomic Motor Function

Control of involuntary muscle movement and gland activity.

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Study Notes

Nervous System Overview

  • Control and integration are crucial for body systems to work together and maintain homeostasis.
  • The nervous system acts as an early detection system.
  • It constantly monitors internal and external environments through sensory information.
  • Information is relayed to control centers for interpretation.
  • Control centers then send out commands to restore homeostasis through physiological responses.
  • The endocrine system responds more slowly to changes, influencing homeostasis through hormones.

Learning Objectives

  • Students will develop knowledge of nervous system structure and function.
  • This includes components like neurons, brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves.
  • Understanding impulse transmission and cerebrospinal fluid is also important.
  • Also covers neurotransmitters.

Pre-Class Activities

  • The nervous system's main functions involve sensing information, interpreting it, and eliciting a response.
  • Nerve cells, called neurons, are specialized for transmitting nerve impulses.

Neuron Components

  • Neurons have specific components necessary for impulse transmission, including: axon, axon terminals, cell body, dendrite, myelin sheath, node of ranvier.

Nervous System Cell Types

  • Purkinje neurons, glia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, satellite cells, and Schwann cells are various types of cells found in the nervous system.
  • Neurons specialize in impulse conduction via electrical signals.

Neuron Types

  • Sensory neurons, association neurons, and motor neurons are the three main types of neurons in the nervous system.
  • Each type has distinct structural, functional, and location characteristics.

Synapses and Neurotransmitters

  • Synapses facilitate transmission between neurons and effectors.
  • Neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine and norepinephrine, are crucial for impulse transmission across synapses.

Neurotransmitter Classifications

  • Neurotransmitters exhibit distinct characteristics, including specific receptors.
  • Key neurotransmitter classifications include amino acids, biogenic amines, cholinergic, and neuropeptides.

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

  • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
  • The CNS includes specific structures like the cerebrum, cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, (frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobes), occipital lobe, basal ganglia, diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla), and cerebellum, ventricles.

Spinal Cord Structure

  • The spinal cord is a pathway for nerve impulses to and from the brain.
  • It also acts as an interpretation center for reflex responses.
  • Spinal cord and its components include ascending tracts, anterior horn, central canal, descending tracts, dorsal nerve root, foramen magnum, lateral horn, posterior horn, and ventral nerve root.

Meninges and CSF

  • The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges (protective tissue coverings)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced, circulated, and reabsorbed in the CNS, providing further protection.
  • Structures like choroid plexuses produce CSF.

Peripheral Nervous System Components

  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
  • Receptors receive input, while effectors respond.
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes cranial and spinal nerves (efferent, afferent).

Cranial and Spinal Nerves

  • Spinal nerves carry sensory and motor information. Also relays messages from receptors to the spinal cord, to effectors.
  • Named according to vertebral level of entry/exit from spinal cord.
  • Cranial nerves relay messages from receptors to brain, to effectors.

Autonomic Nervous System

  • The sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest)divisions work together to maintain homeostasis.
  • Neurotransmitters and effectors differ between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Autonomic Nervous System Function

  • Each division of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) affects target organs and tissues in distinct ways to maintain homeostasis.

Nervous System Aging

  • Aging causes changes in the nervous system leading to slower reflexes and response times, and short-term memory loss.
  • Changes in sensory and motor functions can also occur.

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Description

This quiz explores the structure and function of the nervous system, including its role in maintaining homeostasis. Students will learn about neurons, brain structure, spinal cord functions, and impulse transmission. It covers how sensory information is processed and responses are generated to restore balance in the body.

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