Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does CNS stand for?
What does CNS stand for?
Central Nervous System
What two parts of the body make up the Central Nervous System?
What two parts of the body make up the Central Nervous System?
The brain and spinal cord
Where is the Peripheral Nervous System located relative to the Central Nervous System?
Where is the Peripheral Nervous System located relative to the Central Nervous System?
Outside the CNS
What type of movements does the Somatic Nervous System control?
What type of movements does the Somatic Nervous System control?
What are afferent nerves?
What are afferent nerves?
What direction do afferent nerves carry signals?
What direction do afferent nerves carry signals?
What type of functions does the Autonomic Nervous System control?
What type of functions does the Autonomic Nervous System control?
What is the function of sympathetic nerves?
What is the function of sympathetic nerves?
From what regions do the spinal cord nerves exit?
From what regions do the spinal cord nerves exit?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
What are meninges?
What are meninges?
What is the dura mater?
What is the dura mater?
What is the arachnoid membrane?
What is the arachnoid membrane?
What is the subarachnoid space?
What is the subarachnoid space?
What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the central canal?
What is the central canal?
What are cerebral ventricles?
What are cerebral ventricles?
What are choroid plexuses?
What are choroid plexuses?
What is the blood-brain barrier?
What is the blood-brain barrier?
What are neurons?
What are neurons?
Which of these is NOT a part of neuron anatomy?
Which of these is NOT a part of neuron anatomy?
Which of these is NOT an internal component of a neuron?
Which of these is NOT an internal component of a neuron?
Define a multipolar neuron.
Define a multipolar neuron.
What is the role of interneurons?
What is the role of interneurons?
What are ganglia?
What are ganglia?
What are tracts?
What are tracts?
What are glial cells?
What are glial cells?
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
What is myelin?
What is myelin?
What are myelin sheaths?
What are myelin sheaths?
What is the function of Schwann cells?
What is the function of Schwann cells?
What is the function of microglia?
What is the function of microglia?
What is the function of astrocytes?
What is the function of astrocytes?
What does the Golgi stain visualize?
What does the Golgi stain visualize?
What is the method used in Golgi Stain?
What is the method used in Golgi Stain?
What does the Nissl stain highlight?
What does the Nissl stain highlight?
What method is used in Nissl stain?
What method is used in Nissl stain?
What is Electron Microscopy Technique used for?
What is Electron Microscopy Technique used for?
What directions do Anterograde Tracing follow axonal pathways?
What directions do Anterograde Tracing follow axonal pathways?
What does Retrograde Tracing identify?
What does Retrograde Tracing identify?
What allows for visualization of neural pathways and white matter tracts in living brains during Diffusion Tensor Imaging?
What allows for visualization of neural pathways and white matter tracts in living brains during Diffusion Tensor Imaging?
What does 'anterior' refer to?
What does 'anterior' refer to?
What does 'dorsal' refer to?
What does 'dorsal' refer to?
Which of the following are directional terms:
Which of the following are directional terms:
What are horizontal sections?
What are horizontal sections?
What are frontal (coronal) sections?
What are frontal (coronal) sections?
What are sagittal sections?
What are sagittal sections?
What is a cross section?
What is a cross section?
What is gray matter?
What is gray matter?
What can Spinal cord injuries cause?
What can Spinal cord injuries cause?
What are dorsal horns?
What are dorsal horns?
What are dorsal root ganglia?
What are dorsal root ganglia?
What is the brain stem?
What is the brain stem?
Embryonic Development: Starts with three primary swellings, later forming five. What are the 5 primary swellings?
Embryonic Development: Starts with three primary swellings, later forming five. What are the 5 primary swellings?
What is the Myelencephalon?
What is the Myelencephalon?
What does the Medulla Oblongata regulate?
What does the Medulla Oblongata regulate?
What is reticular formation?
What is reticular formation?
What is the pons?
What is the pons?
What is the Cerebellum?
What is the Cerebellum?
What is the Tectum?
What is the Tectum?
What is the function of Inferior colliculi?
What is the function of Inferior colliculi?
What is the Periaqueductal gray?
What is the Periaqueductal gray?
What is the Cerebral aqueduct?
What is the Cerebral aqueduct?
What is the Substantia nigra?
What is the Substantia nigra?
What is the Red nucleus?
What is the Red nucleus?
What is the Thalamus?
What is the Thalamus?
What is the Massa intermedia?
What is the Massa intermedia?
What are Sensory relay nuclei?
What are Sensory relay nuclei?
What are Lateral geniculate nuclei?
What are Lateral geniculate nuclei?
What are Ventral posterior nuclei?
What are Ventral posterior nuclei?
What is the Pituitary gland?
What is the Pituitary gland?
What is the Optic chiasm?
What is the Optic chiasm?
What does Decussate mean?
What does Decussate mean?
What does Contralateral mean?
What does Contralateral mean?
What does Ipsilateral mean?
What does Ipsilateral mean?
What are Mammillary bodies?
What are Mammillary bodies?
What is the Cerebral cortex?
What is the Cerebral cortex?
What are Fissures?
What are Fissures?
What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?
What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?
What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) include?
What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) include?
What does the Somatic nervous system (SNS) control?
What does the Somatic nervous system (SNS) control?
What is the function of Afferent nerves?
What is the function of Afferent nerves?
What does the Autonomic nervous system (ANS) control?
What does the Autonomic nervous system (ANS) control?
Where do spinal cord nerves exit from?
Where do spinal cord nerves exit from?
Name the three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord?
Name the three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord?
What is the outermost layer of the meninges called?
What is the outermost layer of the meninges called?
What is the middle layer of the meninges, with a web-like structure, called?
What is the middle layer of the meninges, with a web-like structure, called?
What is the space between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater called?
What is the space between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater called?
What is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges called?
What is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges called?
What is the fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord and removes waste?
What is the fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord and removes waste?
What is the small channel running through the spinal cord, filled with CSF?
What is the small channel running through the spinal cord, filled with CSF?
What are the interconnected cavities in the brain that contain CSF called?
What are the interconnected cavities in the brain that contain CSF called?
What are the networks of capillaries in the ventricles that produce CSF called?
What are the networks of capillaries in the ventricles that produce CSF called?
What protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream?
What protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream?
What are the basic units of the nervous system responsible for transmitting signals?
What are the basic units of the nervous system responsible for transmitting signals?
Which of the following is NOT a component of neuron anatomy?
Which of the following is NOT a component of neuron anatomy?
Which of the following is NOT an internal component of a neuron?
Which of the following is NOT an internal component of a neuron?
What is a neuron with multiple dendrites and one axon?
What is a neuron with multiple dendrites and one axon?
What is a neuron with a single process extending from the cell body?
What is a neuron with a single process extending from the cell body?
What is a neuron with one dendrite and one axon?
What is a neuron with one dendrite and one axon?
What type of neurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS?
What type of neurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS?
What are clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS called?
What are clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS called?
What are bundles of axons in the CNS called?
What are bundles of axons in the CNS called?
What type of cells maintains homeostasis and provide support to neurons?
What type of cells maintains homeostasis and provide support to neurons?
Which glial cells in the CNS produce myelin?
Which glial cells in the CNS produce myelin?
What is the fatty substance that insulates axons and speeds up nerve impulses?
What is the fatty substance that insulates axons and speeds up nerve impulses?
What are protective layers of myelin around axons called?
What are protective layers of myelin around axons called?
What are the immune cells of the CNS that remove waste and fight infections?
What are the immune cells of the CNS that remove waste and fight infections?
What star-shaped glial cells support neurons and maintain the blood-brain barrier?
What star-shaped glial cells support neurons and maintain the blood-brain barrier?
What staining technique is used to visualize individual neurons?
What staining technique is used to visualize individual neurons?
What staining method is used to highlight neuron cell bodies?
What staining method is used to highlight neuron cell bodies?
What technique uses electron beams to magnify neural structures?
What technique uses electron beams to magnify neural structures?
What tracing technique is used to follow axonal pathways from their origin to their termination?
What tracing technique is used to follow axonal pathways from their origin to their termination?
What tracing technique identifies the source of neural inputs by labeling axons projecting to a given area?
What tracing technique identifies the source of neural inputs by labeling axons projecting to a given area?
What modern technique uses MRI technology to track water diffusion along axons?
What modern technique uses MRI technology to track water diffusion along axons?
What directional term refers to the front of the body or brain?
What directional term refers to the front of the body or brain?
What directional term refers to the top of the brain or back of the body?
What directional term refers to the top of the brain or back of the body?
What directional term refers to the bottom of the brain or front of the body?
What directional term refers to the bottom of the brain or front of the body?
What directional term refers to towards the midline of the body?
What directional term refers to towards the midline of the body?
What directional term refers to away from the midline of the body?
What directional term refers to away from the midline of the body?
What directional term refers to above or higher in position?
What directional term refers to above or higher in position?
What directional term refers to below or lower in position?
What directional term refers to below or lower in position?
Which of the following is NOT one of the directional terms?
Which of the following is NOT one of the directional terms?
What directional term means closer to the point of attachment or origin?
What directional term means closer to the point of attachment or origin?
What directional term means further from the point of attachment or origin?
What directional term means further from the point of attachment or origin?
What are brain slices parallel to the ground called?
What are brain slices parallel to the ground called?
What are brain slices parallel to the face called?
What are brain slices parallel to the face called?
What are brain slices dividing the left and right hemispheres called?
What are brain slices dividing the left and right hemispheres called?
What is a transverse cut through a structure called?
What is a transverse cut through a structure called?
What brain and spinal cord tissue contains neuron cell bodies?
What brain and spinal cord tissue contains neuron cell bodies?
What brain and spinal cord tissue contains myelinated axons?
What brain and spinal cord tissue contains myelinated axons?
What does damage at different spinal cord levels cause?
What does damage at different spinal cord levels cause?
What is the back part of the spinal cord's gray matter called?
What is the back part of the spinal cord's gray matter called?
What anatomical part are clusters of sensory neuron cell bodies outside the spinal cord?
What anatomical part are clusters of sensory neuron cell bodies outside the spinal cord?
What part of the brain connects the spinal cord to the forebrain?
What part of the brain connects the spinal cord to the forebrain?
What 2 parts does the forebrain (1st swelling) form into?
What 2 parts does the forebrain (1st swelling) form into?
What part does the midbrain (2nd swelling) form into?
What part does the midbrain (2nd swelling) form into?
What 2 parts does the hindbrain (3rd swelling) form into?
What 2 parts does the hindbrain (3rd swelling) form into?
What is the lowest part of the brainstem, controlling vital functions like breathing?
What is the lowest part of the brainstem, controlling vital functions like breathing?
What function does the Medulla Oblongata regulate?
What function does the Medulla Oblongata regulate?
What is the function of the reticular formation?
What is the function of the reticular formation?
What brain structure includes the pons and cerebellum?
What brain structure includes the pons and cerebellum?
What structure in the brainstem relays signals between the brain and spinal cord?
What structure in the brainstem relays signals between the brain and spinal cord?
What structure at the back of the brain coordinates movement and balance?
What structure at the back of the brain coordinates movement and balance?
What area is also known as the midbrain, involved in sensory and motor functions?
What area is also known as the midbrain, involved in sensory and motor functions?
What is the dorsal part of the midbrain, involved in visual and auditory processing, called?
What is the dorsal part of the midbrain, involved in visual and auditory processing, called?
What midbrain structures are involved in auditory processing?
What midbrain structures are involved in auditory processing?
What midbrain structures are involved in visual processing?
What midbrain structures are involved in visual processing?
What is the ventral part of the midbrain, involved in movement and arousal, called?
What is the ventral part of the midbrain, involved in movement and arousal, called?
What midbrain region is involved in pain perception?
What midbrain region is involved in pain perception?
What channel connects the third and fourth ventricles?
What channel connects the third and fourth ventricles?
What midbrain structure is involved in movement and dopamine production?
What midbrain structure is involved in movement and dopamine production?
What midbrain structure is involved in motor coordination?
What midbrain structure is involved in motor coordination?
What region of the brain contains the thalamus and hypothalamus?
What region of the brain contains the thalamus and hypothalamus?
What is a relay station for sensory information in the brain?
What is a relay station for sensory information in the brain?
What is the small bridge of tissue connecting the two halves of the thalamus?
What is the small bridge of tissue connecting the two halves of the thalamus?
What term best describes Thalamic structures that process sensory information?
What term best describes Thalamic structures that process sensory information?
What thalamic structures process visual information?
What thalamic structures process visual information?
What thalamic structures process auditory information?
What thalamic structures process auditory information?
What thalamic structures process somatosensory information?
What thalamic structures process somatosensory information?
What brain structure regulates homeostasis, including hunger and body temperature?
What brain structure regulates homeostasis, including hunger and body temperature?
What 'master gland' controls hormones in the body?
What 'master gland' controls hormones in the body?
What area is the area where optic nerves partially cross?
What area is the area where optic nerves partially cross?
What is the crossing of nerve fibers from one side of the brain to the other called?
What is the crossing of nerve fibers from one side of the brain to the other called?
What term refers to the opposite side of the body?
What term refers to the opposite side of the body?
What term refers to the same side of the body?
What term refers to the same side of the body?
What small brain structures are involved in memory processing?
What small brain structures are involved in memory processing?
What is the largest part of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system?
What is the largest part of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system?
What is the outer layer of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions called?
What is the outer layer of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions called?
What is the definition of fissures?
What is the definition of fissures?
What is the definition of sulci?
What is the definition of sulci?
What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What is the somatic nervous system (SNS)?
What is the somatic nervous system (SNS)?
What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Where do nerves exit from the spinal cord?
Where do nerves exit from the spinal cord?
What are cranial nerves?
What are cranial nerves?
Describe the anatomy of a neuron.
Describe the anatomy of a neuron.
List the internal components of a neuron.
List the internal components of a neuron.
What is a multipolar neuron?
What is a multipolar neuron?
What are Oligodendrocytes?
What are Oligodendrocytes?
What are Schwann cells?
What are Schwann cells?
What is Golgi stain?
What is Golgi stain?
What is electron microscopy?
What is electron microscopy?
Differentiate between Anterograde and Retrograde Tracing.
Differentiate between Anterograde and Retrograde Tracing.
What is Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)?
What is Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)?
What does the term 'anterior' refer to?
What does the term 'anterior' refer to?
What does the term 'dorsal' refer to?
What does the term 'dorsal' refer to?
List some directional terms and what they refer to.
List some directional terms and what they refer to.
What are horizontal sections of the brain?
What are horizontal sections of the brain?
What are frontal (coronal) sections of the brain?
What are frontal (coronal) sections of the brain?
What are sagittal sections of the brain?
What are sagittal sections of the brain?
What are the implications of Spinal cord injuries?
What are the implications of Spinal cord injuries?
Describe the brain development process.
Describe the brain development process.
What is the Myelencephalon (medulla)?
What is the Myelencephalon (medulla)?
What is the function of the Pons?
What is the function of the Pons?
What is the function of the Cerebellum?
What is the function of the Cerebellum?
What is the function of the Superior colliculi?
What is the function of the Superior colliculi?
What brain region is the Diencephalon?
What brain region is the Diencephalon?
What function does the Thalamus perform?
What function does the Thalamus perform?
What function do Sensory relay nuclei perform?
What function do Sensory relay nuclei perform?
What is the function of the Lateral geniculate nuclei?
What is the function of the Lateral geniculate nuclei?
What is the function of the Ventral posterior nuclei?
What is the function of the Ventral posterior nuclei?
What function does the Pituitary gland perform?
What function does the Pituitary gland perform?
What does the term 'decussate' mean?
What does the term 'decussate' mean?
What does the term 'contralateral' refer to?
What does the term 'contralateral' refer to?
What does the term 'ipsilateral' refer to?
What does the term 'ipsilateral' refer to?
Flashcards
Central nervous system (CNS)
Central nervous system (CNS)
The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The part of the nervous system outside the CNS, including nerves and ganglia
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
The division of the PNS that controls voluntary movements and transmits sensory information
Afferent nerves
Afferent nerves
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Efferent nerves
Efferent nerves
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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Sympathetic nerves
Sympathetic nerves
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Parasympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic nerves
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Cranial nerves
Cranial nerves
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Meninges
Meninges
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Dura mater
Dura mater
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Arachnoid membrane
Arachnoid membrane
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Subarachnoid space
Subarachnoid space
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Pia mater
Pia mater
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Cerebral ventricles
Cerebral ventricles
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Choroid plexuses
Choroid plexuses
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Blood-brain barrier
Blood-brain barrier
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Neurons
Neurons
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Soma
Soma
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Dendrites
Dendrites
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Axon
Axon
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Myelin Sheath
Myelin Sheath
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Nodes of Ranvier
Nodes of Ranvier
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Synapse
Synapse
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Ribosomes
Ribosomes
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Synaptic Vesicles
Synaptic Vesicles
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Multipolar Neuron
Multipolar Neuron
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Unipolar Neuron
Unipolar Neuron
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Bipolar Neuron
Bipolar Neuron
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Interneurons
Interneurons
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Nuclei
Nuclei
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Ganglia
Ganglia
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Tracts
Tracts
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Nerves
Nerves
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Glial cells
Glial cells
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Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
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Myelin
Myelin
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Myelin sheaths
Myelin sheaths
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Schwann cells
Schwann cells
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Microglia
Microglia
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Astrocytes
Astrocytes
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Golgi stain
Golgi stain
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Nissl stain
Nissl stain
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Electron microscopy
Electron microscopy
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Anterior
Anterior
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Posterior
Posterior
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Dorsal
Dorsal
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Ventral
Ventral
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Study Notes
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The CNS includes of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The PNS is the section of the nervous system outside the CNS; it encompasses nerves and ganglia.
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
- The SNS controls voluntary movements and transmits sensory information as a division of the PNS.
Afferent Nerves
- Afferent nerves transmit sensory signals from the body to the CNS.
Efferent Nerves
- Efferent nerves carry motor signals from the CNS to the body.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The ANS controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion as a division of the PNS.
Sympathetic Nerves
- Sympathetic nerves readies the body for fight-or-flight responses.
Parasympathetic Nerves
- Parasympathetic nerves encourages rest and digest functions.
Spinal Cord Exits
- Nerves exit from specific spinal regions, including cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.
Cranial Nerves
- Twelve pairs of nerves emerge directly from the brain and control various functions.
Meninges
- Meninges are the three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
Dura Mater
- The dura mater is the tough, outermost layer of the meninges.
Arachnoid Membrane
- The arachnoid membrane is the middle layer of the meninges, recognized by its web-like structure.
Subarachnoid Space
- The subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Pia Mater
- The pia mater is the delicate, innermost layer of the meninges that adheres to the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- CSF is a clear fluid cushioning the brain and spinal cord and removes waste.
Central Canal
- The central canal is a small channel running through the spinal cord, filled with CSF.
Cerebral Ventricles
- Cerebral ventricles refers to the four interconnected cavities in the brain that contain CSF.
Choroid Plexuses
- Choroid plexuses are networks of capillaries in the ventricles that produce CSF.
Blood-Brain Barrier
- The blood-brain barrier represents a selective barrier protecting the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream.
Neurons
- Neurons serve as the basic units of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting signals.
Neuron Anatomy
- Soma: The cell body, contains the nucleus
- Membrane: Composed of a lipid bilayer with protein channels
- Dendrites: Receives signals from neurons
- Axon: A long extension that transmits impulses
- Myelin Sheath: A fatty layer that speeds up transmission
- Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in myelin which allow faster conduction
- Synapse: A gap where neurotransmitters get released
Internal Components of a Neuron
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material
- Mitochondria: Aids energy production
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes protein
- Ribosomes: The location of protein production
- Synaptic Vesicles: Stores and releases neurotransmitters
Multipolar Neuron
- A neuron with multiple dendrites and one axon.
Unipolar Neuron
- A neuron with a single process extending from the cell body.
Bipolar Neuron
- A neuron with one dendrite and one axon.
Interneurons
- Neurons connecting sensory and motor neurons within the CNS.
Nuclei
- Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS.
Ganglia
- Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.
Tracts
- Bundles of axons in the CNS.
Nerves
- Bundles of axons in the PNS.
Glial Cells
- Support cells in the nervous system maintaining homeostasis and provide support to neurons.
- There are 4 types
Oligodendrocytes
- Glial cells in the CNS that produce myelin.
Myelin
- A fatty substance that insulates axons and speeds up nerve impulses.
Myelin Sheaths
- Protective layers of myelin around axons.
Schwann Cells
- Glial cells in the PNS act to produce myelin.
Microglia
- Immune cells of the CNS remove waste and fight infections.
Astrocytes
- Star-shaped glial cells supporting neurons and maintain the blood-brain barrier.
Golgi Stain
- Camillo Golgi developed this staining technique in 1873 to visualize individual neurons using a silver chromate solution to stain individual neurons black
Nissl Stain
- Franz Nissl. developed this staining method using a dye that binds to RNA, highlighting clusters of neuron cell bodies
Electron Microscopy
- A technique uses electron beams to magnify neural structures.
Tracing Techniques (Anterograde & Retrograde)
- Anterograde Tracing: Used to follow axonal pathways from their origin to their termination.
- Retrograde Tracing: Identifies the source of neural inputs by labeling axons projecting to a given area.
- Importance: They helps map the brain's connectivity
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
- A modern Technique used to track water diffusion along axons with the help of MRI technology
- Significance: To allow visualization of neural pathways and white matter tracts in living brains​
Anterior
- The anterior refers to the front of the body or brain.
Posterior
- The posterior refers to the back of the body or brain.
Dorsal
- The dorsal refers to the top of the brain or back of the body.
Ventral
- The ventral refers to the bottom of the brain or front of the body.
Medial
- Towards the midline of the body.
Lateral
- Away from the midline of the body.
Superior
- Above or higher in position.
Inferior
- Below or lower in position.
Directional Terms
- Anterior-Posterior: Front to back.
- Ventral-Dorsal: Belly-side to back-side.
- Inferior-Superior: Below to above.
- Medial-Lateral: Middle to sides.
Proximal
- Closer to the point of attachment or origin.
Distal
- Further from the point of attachment or origin.
Horizontal Sections
- Brain slices parallel to the ground.
Frontal (Coronal) Sections
- Brain slices parallel to the face.
Sagittal Sections
- Brain slices dividing the left and right hemispheres.
Cross Section
- A transverse cut through a structure.
Gray Matter
- Brain and spinal cord tissue containing neuron cell bodies.
White Matter
- Brain and spinal cord tissue containing myelinated axons.
Spinal Cord Injuries
- Damage at different levels causes paraplegia (lower body paralysis) or quadriplegia (full limb paralysis)
Dorsal Horns
- The back part of the spinal cord's gray matter.
Ventral Horns
- The front part of the spinal cord's gray matter.
Dorsal Root Ganglia
- Clusters of sensory neuron cell bodies outside the spinal cord.
Brain Stem
- The part of the brain connecting the spinal cord to the forebrain.
Brain Development: 3 Swellings → 5 Swellings
- Starts with three primary swellings, that later forms five during Embryonic Development
- Forebrain becomes the Telencephalon & Diencephalon
- Midbrain becomes the Mesencephalon
- Hindbrain becomes the Metencephalon & Myelencephalon
Myelencephalon (Medulla)
- The lowest part of the brainstem, which controls vital functions like breathing.
Medulla Oblongata
- Regulates heartbeat, breathing, reflexes.
Reticular Formation
- A network of neurons in the brainstem that is involved in arousal and attention.
Metencephalon
- Part of the hindbrain which includes the pons and cerebellum.
Pons
- Structure in the brainstem that relays signals between the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebellum
- A structure at the back of the brain responsible for coordinating movement and balance.
Mesencephalon
- Also known as the midbrain, involved in sensory and motor functions.
Tectum
- Dorsal part of the midbrain, which is involved in visual and auditory processing.
Inferior Colliculi
- Midbrain structures involved in auditory processing.
Superior Colliculi
- Midbrain structures involved in visual processing.
Tegmentum
- Ventral part of the midbrain, involved in movement and arousal.
Periaqueductal Gray
- Midbrain region involved in pain perception.
Cerebral Aqueduct
- Channel which connects the third and fourth ventricles.
Substantia Nigra
- Midbrain structure involved in movement and dopamine production.
Red Nucleus
- Midbrain structure involved in motor coordination.
Diencephalon
- Region of the brain containing the thalamus and hypothalamus.
Thalamus
- Relay station for sensory information in the brain.
Massa Intermedia
- A small bridge of tissue connecting the two halves of the thalamus.
Sensory Relay Nuclei
- Thalamic structures that process sensory information.
Lateral Geniculate Nuclei
- Thalamic structures that process visual information.
Medial Geniculate Nuclei
- Thalamic structures that process auditory information.
Ventral Posterior Nuclei
- Thalamic structures that process somatosensory information.
Hypothalamus
- Brain structure regulating homeostasis, including hunger and body temperature.
Pituitary Gland
- The 'master gland' controlling hormones in the body.
Optic Chiasm
- The specific are where optic nerves partially cross.
Decussate
- The crossing of nerve fibers from one side of the brain to the other.
Contralateral
- Refers to the opposite side of the body.
Ipsilateral
- Refers to the same side of the body.
Mammillary Bodies
Small brain structures involved in memory processing.
Telencephalon
- Largest part of the brain, comprises the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system.
Cerebral Cortex
- Outer layer of the brain, which is responsible for higher cognitive functions
- Divided into: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes
Fissures
- Deep grooves in the brain's surface.
Sulci
- Shallow grooves in the brain's surface.
Gyri
- Raised ridges in the brain's surface.
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